İngilizce Dersleri - Belirsiz Geçmiş Zaman 3 (English Lessons - The Present Perfect Tense 3)
Merhabalar
Steemit'de daha da etkin olmanın yolunun İngilizce bilmekten geçtiğini düşünüyorum. Bu nedenle elimden geldiğince İngilizce ders konularını içeren paylaşımlar yapacağım. Böylece unuttuğumuz konuları hatırlamış oluruz ve biraz da olsa İngilizcemizi geliştiririz.
Bu başlıktaki konumuz Belirsiz Geçmiş Zaman (The Present Perfect Tense)'in üçüncü bölümüdür.
İngilizce öğrenenlerin anlamakta zorluk çektiği konulardan biri Perfect Tense'dir. Çünkü Türkçemiz'de tam olarak karşılığı bulunmamaktadır. Aşağıda bu zamanın kullanıldığı durumları inceleyeceğiz.
- "Already, just, yet, hardly/scarcely" gibi zarfları "when" li bir cümlede kullandığımızda, temel cümle Past Perfect Tense gerektirir.
I hadn't yet replied to their letter when they came to visit me. She had hardly entered the classroom when the exam started. (Sınav başladığında, o sınıfa henüz/yenice girmişti.)
When we arrived there, the film had already started.
- Eğer "when" in bağlı bulunduğu cümledeki eylem, temel cümledeki eylemden daha önce gerçekleşmişse, "when" li cümlede de Past Perfect kullanabiliriz.
When I had explained the subject to the class, I gave them a quiz. (First, I explained the subject. Then I gave them a quiz.)
When the workers had finished some of their work, they sat down to eat lunch.
- By the time + Simple Past, Past Perfect
By the time she came back, I had finished my work.
The film had already begun by the time we got to the cinema.
We had already started to discuss the case by the time the manager came.
By the time the guests arrived, my mother had finished all the cooking. (Konuklar gelinceye kadar/Konuklar geldiğinde annem yemek pişirme işini bitirmişti.)
"By the time" in Türkçe'ye çevirisine dikkat ediniz. Yukarıdaki örneği " ............ gelinceye kadar' ya da ".... geldiğinde" biçiminde çevirdik. Bu nedenle "by the time", "when" ile yakın bir anlama sahiptir. "Geçmişte bir eylem olduğunda/oluncaya kadar, diğer bir eylem olmuştu." anlamını verir.
By the time they came, I had finished cleaning.
By the time I arrived at the station, the train had left.
Many people had died of tuberculosis by the time scientists found a cure.
- Eğer, "geçmişte bir eylem olduğunda, başka bir eylem zaten oluyordu" anlamını vermek istiyorsak, temel cümlede (already) + was/were doing kullanabiliriz.
By the time I left the office, it was already raining.
(By the time I left the office, it had already started raining.)
By the time we prepared her milk, the baby was already crying.
(By the time we prepared her milk, the baby had already started crying.)
By the time I arrived at my date, my friends were already waiting for me.
- Temel cümlede Simple Past kullanılmaz. Ancak, "be" fiilinin past biçimi olan "was/were"
kullanılır.
By the time I noticed the leak, the kitchen floor was already full of water.
By the time the journey was over, it was already midnight.
By the time he retired from his work, he was sixty years old.
- "By the time" ile "until/till", Türkçe'ye ".... oluncaya kadar" biçiminde çevrildiği halde, geçmişteki iki eylem arasında farklı bir ilişkiyi ifade ederler.
By the time she came back from holiday, all her plants at home had died. (When she came back, she found all her plants dead.)
- Yukarıdaki örnekte ve diğer örneklerde gördüğümüz gibi, "by the time", "ikinci eylem olduğunda, diğer eylem olup bitmişti' anlamını vurguluyor.
I watered her plants until she came back from holiday.
- Bu örnekte de gördüğümüz gibi, "until/till", "birinci eylemin, ikinci eylemin olduğu noktaya kadar devam ettiğini, tam o noktada bittiğini " vurguluyor.
By the time I got to the airport, my plane had taken off.
(The plane departed some time before my arrival, so I missed it.)
I went to the airport yesterday to see a friend of mine off. I stayed in the waiting lounge until the plane took off.
(I saw the plane take off and then I left the airport.)
- Bir noktadan diğerine sözü edilen eylemin devam ettiğini vurguladığı için "until/till", stay, wait, talk gibi süreç bildiren fiillerle kullanılır. Finish, leave, arrive, etc. gibi, bir anda olup biten eylemler "until/till" ile sadece olumsuz cümlede kullanılır.
He stayed at my house until/till I came back from holiday. The teacher waited until/till the last student left the classroom. He didn't leave me until/till I promised to meet him after work.
- "By the time", zaman açısından bir noktayı vurguladığı için, sadece finish, leave, arrive gibi bir anda olup biten eylemlerle, çoğunlukla da Perfect tense'lerle kullanılır.
He arrived at the station at 11 o'clock.
He waited at the station (from 11 o'clock) until/till 12 o'clock, then he left.
I didn't arrive at the station until/till 1 o'clock.
By the time I arrived at one o'clock, he had left.
Kaynak: ELS İngilizce Hazırlık Dergisi
To Be Continued...
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