Hello Everyone;

I mention "the flu" that is one of respiratory infectious diseases.

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Flu is a highly contagious viral infection caused by Influenza virus infection in the nose, bronchus and lungs. It causes symptoms similar to common cold infections at the outset, but contrary to what is believed, Inluenza is more severe and causes loss of work power than other upper respiratory tract infections. It spreads via air and starts suddenly. Within a few hours, the following symptoms occur:

• Cold, trembling
• Sweating
• Headache
• Muscle pains
• Fever (38,5-40℃)

In the following hours, the following symptoms can be added to the table;

• Runny nose
• Sore throat
• Cough
• Burning eyes

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Patients usually recover within 10-14 days. However, the effects can last up to 6-8 weeks. It causes outbreaks every October-March every year. Influenza is a serious infection that causes complications such as pneumonia (lung infection), myocarditis (heart infection), asthma, which causes loss of work power. Every year 40,000 people die from complications related to influenza infections in the United States. For this reason, it is advised to have influenza vaccination for patients at risk.

• Patients older than 65 years
• Patients that suffered from Asthma, diabetes, heart and kidney diseases
• Patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment (cancer, organ transplant patients)
• Babies
• Pregnant women

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Respiratory secretions of influenza-infected individuals, cough and sneeze and inhalation of airborne droplets, and contact with the equipment used by infected individuals. It is treated with antiviral drugs. Painkillers, nasal decongestants may help reduce symptoms.

There are three types of Influenza virus: Influenza A, Influenza B and Influenza C 

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On the surface of the influenza virus are antigenic proteins called "hemaglutinin" and "neuraminidase". Viruses have different names depending on the type of these surface antigens. (Such as H1N1, H2N2, H3N2, H5N1) The immune system recognizes these antigens and fights with the virus. However, Influenza can sometimes change part of its antigenic structure and sometimes completely. This makes permanent immune response against viruses impossible. İnfective Influenza viruses are different from each other every year. The influenza vaccine is prepared seasonally from the subtypes of the previous year. This requires a short period of vaccine protection and renewal every year. 

The complete change of antigenic structure causes large and deadly epidemics called "pandemics". Many influenza pandemics have been experienced throughout the history of the world. Much more people were lost in these pandemics than in the 1st World War. 

•  1918-1919 Spanish flu H1N1 --------- 50 million people died.
• 1957-1958 Asian flu H2N2 -----------1.1 million people died.
• 1968-1969 Hong Kong flu H3N2 ----1 million people died.
• 2009 Swine flu "New H1N1" -------- 12,469 people died.

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The most terrible of these pandemics was the Spanish Flu in 1918. About 50 million people have lost their lives in this virus.

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In birds, avian influenza H5N1 virus infection has been shown to be able to infect humans due to antigenic changes. The virus caused the deaths of 18 people in Honkong for the first time in 1997, causing the outbreaks and deaths in various countries in 2003 and 2007. 

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The last pandemic that we have experienced is in 2009 due to a new Influenza A H1N1 virus that has not been isolated from humans and animals before. 60 million people from 212 countries are affected. However, as the mortality was low, only 12,469 people lost their lives. 

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Because of all these structural features, it is not possible to predict the Influenza pandemics. the most effective way to prevent the flu is to keep the body's immune system strong. It is important to dress appropriately in season when the air is cold, to eat juicy foods, vegetables and fruits and rest. Avoidance of contact with infected individuals with influenza will prevent infectivity. 

                                         I wish you all healthy days. 

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References:

 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22156/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK22156.pdf  http://www.klimik.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Influenza_Nese_Demirturk.pdfhttps://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/basics/past-pandemics.html 

 

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