代数问题的几何意义steemCreated with Sketch.

in #steempress5 years ago (edited)

机机整了道数学题,还用了两种方法去解,机机真是冰雪聪明。这道题的意思说的是:

a, b, c 是实数,已知 a+b+c=3, a2+b2+c2=3,求a, b, c的值。

机机用了两种代数方法,又是构造一元二次方程,又是因式分解,忙得不亦乐乎,已经非常冰雪聪明了。其实呢,这个题是有明确几何意义的。观察这两个方程,第一个方程表示的是一个面,第二个方程表示的是一个球。所以这道题的实质就是探讨这个平面和球的关系。

既然是讨论几何问题,为了符合习惯,把a, b, c换成x, y, z,这样看着舒服一点。

在空间中,x+y+z=3是过 (3, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0) 和 (0, 0, 3) 这三个点的一个平面。x2+y2+z2=3 是以原点 (0, 0, 0) 为球心,半径为√3的球。这个平面和球的空间关系是怎样的?冥冥之中觉得应该是相切的。

简略研究一下,看看 x+y+z=3 平面到原点(0, 0, 0)的距离。空间中的点到平面的距离有现成的公式求解,可以参考下面的链接。具体套公式的过程就不在这里写了,总之通过直接套点到平面的距离公式可以求出原点 (0, 0, 0) 到平面 x+y+z=3 的距离正好是 √3,等于球的半径 , 而且 x+y+z=3 平面上距离原点最近的点的坐标是 (1, 1, 1) 。虽然这个论证过程不是很严格,但基本上也看出来了,此面就是此球的切面,切点,也就是平面与球交点的坐标是(1, 1, 1) ,所以原题的解就是 a=b=c=1。

为了更直观一点,不妨用图像来表示。在这个网站上,

https://www.geogebra.org/3d?lang=en

输入方程,就可以方便的做出三维图像。

149.jpg

这个图就非常一目了然了,平面和球是相切的,切点的坐标也就是方程的解。

三维的问题就算是解决了,那如果是四维呢?如果 a+b+c+d=4, a2+b2+c2+d2 =4 是否仍然还有 a=b=c=d=1 呢?

再如果再继续扩展到n维,是否仍然还是一样的结论呢?这个问题就留给大家去琢磨吧。注意哦,到了四维就做不出图像了,得靠死想了。 但高维空间的问题可以投影到低维空间,比如四维空间的图像画不出来,但可以投影到三维空间画出图像。这大概就是传说中的“降维打击”吧。

Reference

点到平面的距离公式,请参考 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_from_a_point_to_a_plane



Posted from my blog with SteemPress : http://softmetal.vornix.blog/2019/01/17/%e4%bb%a3%e6%95%b0%e9%97%ae%e9%a2%98%e7%9a%84%e5%87%a0%e4%bd%95%e6%84%8f%e4%b9%89/

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球面方程硬是一点都没想起来……

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没得救了。。。

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