《奥本海默》观后感（2）

今天接着说电影《奥本海默》的观后感，这部片子虽然情节剪得很乱，非常的不连贯，但是也有两条主线，分别是两场听证会，我也是看完不久，没有去详细考证这段历史影片中的一些人物，到底是历史上的谁。总之，第一场听证会就是在美国五十年代反共的麦卡锡主义到高峰的时候，奥本海默也因为他的左翼倾向受到了迫害，被迫在一个秘密委员会面前坦白自己的一切，从工作到私生活。而这一切也并非全然是因为当时的政治气氛，真正的原因是一位老政客，因为在核武器问题的听证会上被反对进一步开发威力更大的核武器，反对和苏联开展军备竞赛的奥本海默，当众嘲笑，他将这视为奥本海默对他的羞辱，发誓要报复。而另一场听证会则是对这名老政客迫害奥本海默的行径，进行的听证会，算是为奥本海默平反。

所以，这两条主线就是在角色的回忆和交代问题的过程中，将奥本海默生活和工作的不同断面像珍珠一样串了起来。师从波尔之后，奥本海默终于可以进行他梦寐以求的关于量子力学的理论研究，与这个时期的科学大佬们都有交集，影片中还特地表现了他与德国科学家海森堡的一次会面。这次会面非常地友好，两人也是惺惺相惜，海森堡是发现大名鼎鼎的海森堡不确定性原理的那位德国天才。之所以突出他们两人的会面，就是因为在二战爆发后，他们分属了不同的阵营，都肩负起了为各自阵营开发核武器的艰巨任务，成为了事实上的竞争对手。而实事求是的说，海森堡的水平是要高于奥本海默的，他的不确定性原理是量子力学的重要基础。而奥本海默虽然他的理论造诣非常高，但是他对量子力学所做出的基础性的贡献还是很少的。他最著名的一篇论文是关于中子星和黑洞形成的原理，在影片中他的这篇论文发表的时候，却被另一件大事给掩盖了光芒，那就是第二次世界大战爆发了。而战争也改变了奥本海默的命运，从此他就走上了另外一条道路。他不是成为和海森堡、薛定谔、玻尔、爱因斯坦那样齐名的科学家，而是成为了美国的原子弹之父。

对于制造原子弹的曼哈顿工程这样一个复杂的计划，不是一个普通的管理者能够胜任的，这是一项没有先例的工程，而且参与者都是当时世界上最聪明的脑袋瓜。而军方那些武夫是绝对没有能力管理这个工程的。负责曼哈顿工程的军方将领在和奥本海默谈话的时候说，在他看来，奥本海默连管好一个小卖部的能力都没有，但是却只有他能够掌管整个曼哈顿工程，才能够协调这么多桀骜不驯、聪明绝顶的天才们齐心协力完成这项艰巨的事业。

其实，奥本海默是一个思想左倾的人，他对战争并不感冒。他接下这份任务，主要是因为他认为不能让德国获得战争的胜利。另一方面，也许是他要和海森堡较较劲。在启动曼哈顿工程的会议上，他对参与的科学家们说，我们不能让德国首先获得原子弹，但这项任务非常的艰巨，因为德国已经领先了，而且他们有海森堡，他比我们在座的任何一个人都聪明，所以我们必须齐心协力。

从接下来发生的事情可以看出，曼哈顿工程能够成功，奥本海默确实起到了不可缺少的作用。在这个由政府主导的工程里面，处处体现的却是政府和军队的掣肘和蛮横。如果不是奥本海默居中协调的话，几乎可以肯定曼哈顿工程会变成一个烂尾工程。比如军方和政府的情报部门自始至终都疑神疑鬼，害怕参与原子弹计划的科学家将机密泄露给苏联。因为当时的知识分子中，共产主义和社会主义的追随者是相当多的。在他们看来，共产主义就像量子力学和相对论是科学界的新兴理论一样，是社会学领域的新兴理论。所以经常要调查或者将某些科学家列上黑名单。而这些人往往又是曼哈顿计划中非常关键的职位上的人，他们都是被奥本海默力保下来的。一开始，军方还要求所有参与项目的科学家都要加入军籍，对实验营地诺斯阿拉莫斯进行军营，建成一个大军营。而奥本海默力主将诺斯阿拉莫斯变成一个社区，让家属也能够入住并承担一些后勤方面的工作。这样则会让科学家们更加无后顾之忧，才能全身心投入到计划当中。

除了政府和军队的干扰和掣肘。这些科学家之间也有很多的矛盾，比如美国的氢弹之父泰勒也参加了曼哈顿工程，但是他对链式放裂变反应的原子弹并不感兴趣，而是想研究威力更大和太阳恒星发光同一原理的氢弹。当然，氢弹的巨变反应必须由一颗原子弹来引发，所以无论如何都要先研究出原子弹。但是为了安抚泰勒，让他安心参与原子弹的研究，奥本海默也分配了资源，让他有余力可以进行巨变反应的研究。天中还展现了一个趣闻，就是在进行原子弹的理论研究过程中，科学家们进行理论计算时得到了一个可怕的结果，就是原子弹是由链式反应起爆的，而根据计算小组科学家们的计算，一旦原子弹起爆，链式反应将会停不下来，会在整个大气层中也引发链式反应，将整个地球的大气层都烧毁。也就是说，按照这个结果，原子弹一旦起爆，就会毁灭整个地球。奥本海默带着这个结果去请教了爱因斯坦，也正是这件事情让大名鼎鼎的爱因斯坦在这部影片中也出现了几个镜头。爱因斯坦替奥本海默推荐了一位顶尖的数学家，让他重新计算，结果表明这个计算是错误的，原子弹爆炸点燃整个大气的概率可以低到忽略不计。当然，这件事情也绝不仅仅是为了让爱因斯坦出场，它也是这部电影的一个象征和隐喻。

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Today, I will continue to talk about the movie "Oppenheimer", although the plot of this film is very messy and very inconsistent, but there are two main lines, respectively, the two hearings, I also watched soon after, did not go to the detailed research of some characters in this historical film, who is in history. And all this is not entirely because of the political atmosphere at the time, the real reason is that an old politician, because in the hearing on the issue of nuclear weapons was opposed to the further development of more powerful nuclear weapons, opposed to the arms race with the Soviet Union Oppenheimer, publicly ridiculed, he regarded this as Oppenheimer's humiliation to him, and vowed to retaliate. The other was a hearing on the old politician's persecution of Oppenheimer, a kind of vindication of Oppenheimer.

Therefore, these two main lines are in the process of the character's memory and account of the problem, the different sections of Oppenheimer's life and work like pearls. After studying with Bohr, Oppenheimer was finally able to carry out his dream of theoretical research on quantum mechanics, and intersects with the scientific giants of the period, including a meeting with the German scientist Heisenberg. The meeting was cordial, and the two men understood each other, Heisenberg being the German genius who had discovered the famous Heisenberg uncertainty Principle. What makes their meeting so remarkable is that, at the outbreak of World War II, they became de facto rivals as they took on the daunting task of developing nuclear weapons for each side. In fact, Heisenberg was better than Oppenheimer, and his uncertainty principle is an important foundation of quantum mechanics. Although Oppenheimer's theoretical attitution is very high, his fundamental contribution to quantum mechanics is still very little. His most famous paper, on the formation of neutron stars and black holes, was published only to be overshadowed by another major event, the outbreak of World War II. And the war also changed Oppenheimer's fate, from then on he embarked on a different path. Instead of becoming a scientist like Heisenberg, Schrodinger, Bohr, and Einstein, he became the father of America's atomic bomb.

A complex project like the Manhattan Project to build the atomic bomb was not the job of an ordinary manager, it was an unprecedented project, and the participants were the brightest minds in the world at the time. And the military men are absolutely incapable of managing this project. The army general in charge of the Manhattan project talked to Oppenheimer and said that in his opinion, Oppenheimer did not have the ability to manage even one commissaries, but only he was in charge of the whole Manhattan project, and could coordinate so many rebellious and intelligent geniuses to accomplish this difficult undertaking.

In fact, Oppenheimer was a left-leaning man who was not a fan of war. He took up the task mainly because he believed that Germany could not win the war. On the other hand, maybe he had Heisenberg to contend with. At the meeting to launch the Manhattan Project, he told the scientists involved that we couldn't let Germany get the bomb first, but that the task was very difficult because Germany was ahead, and they had Heisenberg, who was smarter than any of us here, so we had to work together.

Oppenheimer was indeed instrumental in the success of the Manhattan Project, as what happened next shows. In this government-led project, everything reflects the constraints and insolence of the government and the military. Had it not been for Oppenheimer's coordination, the Manhattan Project would almost certainly have been a flop. Military and government intelligence, for example, were suspicious throughout, fearing that scientists working on the atomic bomb project would leak secrets to the Soviets. Because there were quite a few followers of communism and socialism among the intellectuals at that time. In their view, communism is an emerging theory in sociology in the same way that quantum mechanics and relativity are emerging theories in science. So scientists are often investigated or blacklisted. These people were often in key positions in the Manhattan Project, and they were all retained by Oppenheimer. In the beginning, the army also required all the scientists involved in the project to join the army and camp the experimental camp, Los Alamos, to build a large military camp. Oppenheimer is pushing to turn Los Alamos into a community where families can move in and handle some of the logistics. That would give scientists more peace of mind and allow them to focus on their projects.

Except for the government and the military. For example, Taylor, the father of the hydrogen bomb in the United States, also participated in the Manhattan project, but he was not interested in the atomic bomb with chain fission reaction, but wanted to study the hydrogen bomb with greater power and the same principle of the sun's star light. Of course, the seismic reaction of a hydrogen bomb would have to be triggered by an atomic bomb, so an atomic bomb would have to be developed first. But in an effort to reassure Taylor about his involvement in atomic bomb research, Oppenheimer also allocated resources that allowed him to work on seismic reactions. The day also showed an interesting story, that is, in the process of theoretical research on the atomic bomb, scientists got a terrible result when they carried out theoretical calculations, that is, the atomic bomb is detonated by the chain reaction, and according to the calculation of the scientists of the calculation team, once the atomic bomb detonated, the chain reaction will not stop, and it will also trigger a chain reaction in the entire atmosphere. It would burn up the entire Earth's atmosphere. In other words, according to this result, once the atomic bomb detonates, it will destroy the entire earth. Oppenheimer took this result to Einstein for advice, and it was this incident that led to the famous Einstein appearing in several scenes in the film. Einstein recommended a top mathematician to Oppenheimer to recalculate the calculation, which turned out to be wrong, and the probability that an atomic bomb would ignite the entire atmosphere was negligible. Of course, this event is not just about Einstein's appearance, it is also a symbol and metaphor for the film.