汉初对道家思想的曲折理解与发展

之前也谈过很多对中国传统文化比较认同的就是道家的思想。如果深入道家思想的话,其实和西方自由主义思想会有很多相同之处。比如奥地利学派经济学都提倡主观价值理论,批判从亚当斯密到马克思所主张的所谓劳动价值理论。就是说,一件商品或服务的价值因人而异,存在于每个人的主观评价当中。用俗话说就是"萝卜青菜，各有所爱",或者用英文说"someone‘s trash is another's treasure"。

老子的就经典中也有很多其实是对主观价值论的表述,比如"圣人不言"这句话。一般人认为圣人指的是统治者,历史上一些权臣也把君主奉为圣人以讨好。但实际上,圣人应该指那种自然产生的领导者和组织者,而不是专制和特权制度下的统治者。"圣人行不言之教"的意思是,圣人不会告诉追随者什么东西是贵的、什么是贱的、什么好什么坏,因为每个人心中都有自己的价值标准。圣人也不会干预他人的想法和思想,这就与儒家制定统一价值观相去甚远。儒家不但不断向信众和大众灌输统一的价值观，还特别强调"人要分等级"的思想，与道家思想相比，可谓高下立判。

在西汉初年,曾经有一段道家思想占上风的时期。当时秦朝刚覆灭不久,秦国实行了法家式的极端专制主义政策,疯狂扩张战争导致国力衰竭而亡国。所以在汉朝初年,人们认为秦制是失败的,言行专制必将导向覆灭,汲取其教训并避免重蹈覆辙才能获得好的结果。儒家和道家在这个时期都成了主流思想,特别是道家反对专制的思想最为彻底,也成为汉初主导的观念。道家主张"无为而治",不扩充朝廷官僚机构,不干涉民间市场。因此很快就创造了中国历史上第一个黄金时代—— 文景之治。

不过好景不长,在文帝之后汉武帝执政期间,虽然史书会称赞他是个英明睿智的君主,但实际上他是一个骄纵暴虐、好战好大的人。他发动了多次对外战争以建功立业,折腾不停地上调赋税,榨取民间财富以维持战争开支。这种作风与道家"无为而治"的理念相违背,因此他不得不在表面上推崇儒家思想,作为自己专制政治的外衣。从此,道家在政治领域地位就逐渐式微,但在知识分子阶层中仍有较大影响力。

在后世,道家思想的用途就转变成了修身养生。道教作为一种宗教就是来源于此,以达到长生不老、修炼成仙为最终目的。其实关于所谓仙人的传说,在道家思想应用于养生之前就已经存在了。比如西汉有许多寻访仙人、求取长生之术的记载。不过这些传统的长生术大多成本高昂,只有王公贵族才修炼得起。道家思想用于养生之后,只需参透老子的玄学思想,依循道理生活实践,就可望长生不老,使奇门遁甲之术大众化了。

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之前也谈过很多对中国的传统文化比较认同的就是道家的思想如果弃家敌会的话其实道家的思想和西方自由主义的就会有很多相同之处的比如老弟学和经济学提倡主观价值的理论批判从亚当斯利大伟加图一直到马克思以外相称的所谓劳动价值理论就是说一件财货的商品服务的价值是因人而异的就存在于每个人的主观当中这位博物白菜各有所爱或者用英文说完蛮是完蛮是缺爱时间只要拿着玩是缺血老子到的精中这样的句子其实很多比如圣人心不言这样一般人认为圣人就是指的统治者历史上一些产辈的大臣也该替的马屁将皇帝成为圣人和对你应该是指有奖励的是那种自然产生的领导者专制和特权制度下的组织者圣人行不言之教就是圣人不会告诉他的追随者什么东西是什么东西是贵的什么东西是贱的什么好什么坏因为每个人的心中都有自己的假标准甚至就不会干预其他人的想法和思想的这就与国家的思想相比高下逆变国家不断的给的信徒和大众灌输价值观政治年人都要分等级的思想在意语上曾经有一段积及及低位也是超过人家的那就是在西汉的初年当时秦王朝相当覆灭不久这秦国实行法家的专制游民政策疯狂的大曲维继其公义征夫战争将东方六国落花流水但是秦朝二世而亡短命的不可思议所以在汉朝初年日本的考验观念是秦朝的制度是失败的言行句法将专题汲取了不可能有好的结果其实儒家和道家都可以算作家的对立念道家的思想反对的更加彻底也就成了汉朝的一种观念观念的一种观念观念的一种观念观念的体验就是君主无为而治不补充朝廷的官僚机构不干涉民间的市场动所以很快就创造了中国地质史上第一个盛世文净之治不过好景不长上五帝刘彻大会之后虽然现在主流论文会那是起床期的雄才大烈的皇帝但实际上他是一个童争暴敛为终于发动对外战争建功一业不习的生活不停折腾的地方他所要建立的工业必须持续民间的财力在很大程度上要恢复并改良那其实好的制度呃情志在当时是绝对的政治不正确所以他得为他的制度披上一层外衣来一会小试听这层外衣就是儒家的学说从此道家在政治领域的利用就逐渐推出了历史舞台但是知识分階层当中仍然有很大的奖励不过这个时候到家思想的用途就从这种就变成了眼中这转变也在后世直接是了中国本宗教道教的产生而用道家思想养生的目的去要去有些搞笑也就是来所谓的修仙通过用道家的思想修炼打到长生不死而进地其实关于所谓的仙人也就是长生不死之人其实关于仙人的传说在道家思想用于养生之前早就存在了比如新城开学服带三千童男童女去海外仙岛寻访仙人求长生不老之要张国志气也有所谓的阴阳的一种于免单之类的活动不过这些求长生不老的办法都是成本高昂发肥去完只有王侯将相奔口修炼得起我等到家思想用于养生之后只需要参透老子的玄学思想啊自己依循道家的理论生活实践就可以达到长生不死的目的了可以说对向更广大的阶层敞开了修炼的大门。

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I have talked about a lot of traditional Chinese culture is more agreed with the thought of Taoism. If we go deep into Taoist thought, it actually has a lot in common with Western liberal thought. For example, Lao-Tzu and economics both advocate the subjective theory of value and criticize the so-called labor theory of value popular from Adam Smith to Marx. In other words, the value of a good or service varies from person to person and exists in each person's subjective evaluation. in Lao Tzu's words, "everything has its own love ", or in English, "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder"(裞). .

The essence of Lao Tzu actually has many Revelations, such as the saying "the sage does not speak". It is generally believed that saints refer to rulers, and some powerful officials in history also regarded monarchs as saints to please them. But in practice, a saint should refer to a natural leader and organizer, not a ruler in a system of despotism and privilege." "The sage teaches without words" means that the sage does not tell his followers what is expensive, what is cheap, what is good and what is bad, because everyone has his own standard of value in his heart. Nor do saints interfere with the thoughts and thoughts of others, which is a far cry from the national formulation of unified values. The state constantly inculcates believers and the general public with the idea of "grading."

In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, there was a period when Taoist thought prevailed. At that time, shortly after the fall of the Qin Dynasty, the state of Qin implemented the legalistic extreme absolutism policy, and the frenzied expansion war led to the exhaustion of the national strength and the collapse of the state. Therefore, in the early years of the Han Dynasty, people believed that the Qin system was a failure, and the despotism of words and deeds would lead to its downfall, and good results could be obtained by learning its lessons and avoiding repeating the mistakes. Confucianism and Taoism both became mainstream ideas during this period, especially Taoism, which opposed despotism most thoroughly, and also became the dominant idea in the early Han Dynasty. Taoism advocated "rule by doing nothing ", not expanding the imperial bureaucracy and not interfering in the private market. So soon created the first golden age in Chinese history - the rule of Wen Jing.

However, during the reign of Emperor Wudi after Emperor Wen, although the history books will praise him as a wise and wise monarch, he was actually a arrogant and tyranical man. He launched a number of foreign wars in order to establish his career, and repeatedly raised taxes and extracted wealth from the people to maintain the war expenses. This style was contrary to the Taoist concept of "rule by doing nothing", so he had to outwardly promote Confucianism as a cloak for his autocratic politics. Since then, the status of Taoism in the political field has gradually declined, but it still has a greater influence in the intellectual class.

In later times, the purpose of Taoist thought changed to self-cultivation and health preservation. Taoism as a religion is derived from this, with the ultimate goal of achieving immortality and becoming immortal through cultivation. In fact, the legend of the so-called immortal man existed before the application of Taoist thought to health. For example, in the Western Han Dynasty, there are many records of searching for immortal people and obtaining the art of eternal life. However, most of these traditional techniques of longevity were expensive, and only the princes and nobles could afford to practice them. After the Taoist thought is used for health, as long as we understand the metaphysical thought of Lao Tzu and live in practice according to the truth, we are expected to live forever and make the technique of Qimen Recluse a popular one.