武侯祠之旅：探寻刘备、关羽和诸葛亮的忠义传奇

去成都旅游，武侯祠可以说是一个必去的景点，而且成都是一个非常好的旅游地方。相比于我居住的武汉，成都的城区面积并不算太大，而且众多的景点，如杜甫草堂、武侯祠等，大多分布在城区范围内，交通非常方便，路上花的时间也少。

其实，武侯祠这个名字并不太正确。当我来到景区的大门口时，赫然看到上面的牌匾写的是汉昭烈庙。汉昭烈帝是刘备死后给他上的谥号，整个景区的规模并不算太大。而这里实际上是给刘备的陵墓，和诸葛亮并没有一毛钱的关系。景区是按照皇陵的前陵后寝的格局布置的。前面是陵园的建筑部分，后面是一个小山包，而这就是刘备的陵墓了。

陵园的建筑部分就是一个缩小版的皇宫，也分为前后殿。进入大门后，会看到一条石头道路，笔直的通往前殿，两边有各个朝代立的碑。仔细看了一下，有唐朝的、明朝的和清朝的。很多碑上的字迹已经无法辨认，而且碑文也没有标点符号，具体讲的是什么也不是很清楚。应该是各个时期对刘备陵墓修葺之后，对相关的事情进行了记载，应该挺有意思的。

在各个朝代的石碑当中，清朝的石碑数量是比较多的。可见，满清朝廷对修缮刘备墓这件事情还是很上心的，其中应该包含不少笼络汉人民心和地方豪强的统战意味。因为清朝实际上是夺取的天下，但是却又一直声称自己是为明朝复仇，消灭李自成之后，延续的明朝法统。这种纯粹宣传上的说法当然没有什么值得分析的，但毕竟和刘备称帝时，谎称汉献帝已经被曹丕杀害，也为延续汉朝法统才勉强称帝的做法，颇有几分相似。因此，清朝推崇蜀汉政权，多少也是出于统战和为自己政权合法性背书的目的。

走过前面这段不长的石道，就来到了正殿面前。正殿正中是刘备的塑像。当然这也是后人想象的，其装束就是典型的汉人皇帝的装束，身穿龙袍，头戴十二串珠子的冕旒。塑像的面相当然也是后人想象的，但是也挺符合《三国演义》中刘备的气质。刘备的仁义之气，感觉他面目慈祥，也没有让人感觉他威严而难以接近。

刘备的塑像位于正殿的正中，个头也是最大的。在他的右边有一个小房间，进去可以看到里边供奉的是关羽的塑像，旁边还摆着一把青龙偃月刀。不过刘备的左边却没有这样的小房间，所以也没有供奉张飞的塑像，厚此薄彼，其实也是意料之中。受小说演绎的影响，关羽在人们心目中的地位要远远高于张飞，而且他和诸葛亮受人尊敬的原因，其实是类似的。关羽武力值高和诸葛亮智力值高，都不是他们被后世铭记的原因。最根本的原因就是他们对刘备的忠心，也就是所谓的忠义。关羽曾经与刘备走散，而短暂地投奔过曹操，而曹操也非常喜爱关羽这个人才，对他礼贤下士，各种超规格的待遇笼络人心。但关羽始终身在曹营心在汉，得知刘备的下落之后，就挂印封金，过五关斩六将，去投奔刘备了。而诸葛亮身为蜀汉的丞相，可以说是大权在握，其地位和曹操居于汉献帝之上是几乎相同的，但与曹操无时无刻不再算计如何一步一步地登上权力顶峰，最终篡夺汉朝的天下不同，诸葛亮和他的家族一直都紧守着君臣之道，从来没有越雷池半步。而这在三国两晋南北朝那个时期，权臣废立皇帝，篡位自立的事情多如牛毛的时代，诸葛丞相确实是凤毛麟角的人物了。

当然，这里还是要给张飞打抱不平一下。《三国演义》把张飞整体上描绘成一个粗人，只会喊打喊杀，少有智慧。只是在长坂坡吓退曹操的时候，描写了一下张飞的智慧之处。他命令士兵将树枝拖在马的后面，扬起大量的灰尘，制造有大批军马行动的假象，吓退曹操，体现了他的粗中有细。这其实有些过于矮化张飞了。在开篇桃园三结义的时候，张飞在兄弟三人当中是最有钱的那个，桃园也是张飞家里的，他做的是卖肉的生意，而且还非常大。而刘备只是一个卖草鞋草席的小商贩，关羽的情况也差不多。所以可以看出，张飞是兄弟三人中最有企业家才干的人。而且当刘备看到朝廷无力应对黄巾起义，发皇榜，让各州府自己组织军队镇压黄巾贼时，看到自己的远房宗室，刘汉的朝廷已经虚弱如此，他也只是长吁短叹，倒是张飞看到这种情况，呵斥他大丈夫为什么要叹气呢？也许刘备心中创业的火花，正是由张飞点燃的。

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To travel to Chengdu, Wu Hou Temple can be said to be a must-see spot, and Chengdu is a very good place to visit. Compared with Wuhan, where I live, the urban area of Chengdu is not too large, and many scenic spots, such as Du Fu's Cottage and Wuhou Temple, are mostly distributed within the urban area, so the traffic is very convenient and the time spent on the road is less.

In fact, the name Wuhou Temple is not quite correct. When I came to the gate of the scenic spot, I suddenly saw that the plaque above said Han Zhaoliet Temple. Han Zhaoliet Emperor is Liu Bei's posthumous title after his death, the size of the whole scenic spot is not too large. And this is actually a mausoleum for Liu Bei, and Zhuge Liang has nothing to do with it. The scenic spot is arranged according to the pattern of the front of the imperial mausoleum and the back of the bed. In front is the building part of the cemetery, behind is a small hill, and this is Liu Bei's mausoleum.

The architectural part of the cemetery is a scaled down version of the Imperial palace, which is also divided into front and back halls. When you enter the gate, you will see a stone road that leads straight to the front hall, with steles of different dynasties on both sides. Look carefully, there are Tang Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty. The writing on many of the tablets is illegible, and the inscriptions have no punctuation marks, making it unclear exactly what they say. It should be recorded after the renovation of Liu Bei's mausoleum in various periods, which should be very interesting.

Among the stone tablets of various dynasties, the number of stone tablets of the Qing Dynasty is relatively large. It can be seen that the Manchu court was very concerned about the restoration of Liu Bei's tomb, which should contain a lot of united front meaning of winning the hearts and minds of the Han people and local powers. Because the Qing Dynasty actually seized the world, but it has always claimed that it is revenge for the Ming Dynasty, after the elimination of Li Zicheng, the continuation of the Ming Dynasty legal system. Of course, this purely propaganda statement is not worth analyzing, but after all, it is quite similar to Liu Bei's practice of falsely claiming that Emperor Xian of Han had been killed by Cao PI, and reluctantly claiming emperor in order to continue the legal system of Han Dynasty. Therefore, the Qing Dynasty respected the Shu Han regime more or less for the purpose of united front and endorsement of the legitimacy of their own regime.

After walking along this short stone path in front of us, we came to the throne room. In the middle of the main hall is a statue of Liu Bei. Of course, this is also imagined by later generations, and its costume is the typical costume of the Han emperor, wearing a dragon robe and wearing twelve beads as a royal diadem. Of course, the face of the statue is also imagined by later generations, but it is also quite in line with the temperament of Liu Bei in the Romance of The Three Kingdoms. Liu Bei's benevolence and righteousness made us feel that his face was kind, but it did not make us feel that he was dignified and difficult to approach.

Liu Bei's statue is located in the middle of the main hall and is also the largest. There is a small room on his right, and when you enter it, you can see that the statue of Guan Yu is enshrined in it, and there is a green dragon crescent knife beside it. However, there is no such small room on the left of Liu Bei, so there is no statue dedicated to Zhang Fei, which is actually expected. Influenced by the interpretation of the novel, Guan Yu's status in people's minds is much higher than Zhang Fei, and he and Zhuge Liang are respected for similar reasons. Guan Yu's high military value and Zhuge Liang's high intelligence value are not the reasons why they are remembered by later generations. The most fundamental reason is their loyalty to Liu Bei, that is, the so-called loyalty. Guan Yu had been separated from Liu Bei and briefly joined Cao Cao, who was also very fond of Guan Yu as a talent, and showed him courtesy and all kinds of super-standard treatment to win people's hearts. However, Guan Yu was always in Cao Ying's heart in Han Dynasty, and after learning Liu Bei's whereabouts, he sealed the gold seal and went to join Liu Bei after passing the five passes and killing the six generals. As the prime minister of Shu Han, Zhuge Liang could be said to be in power, and his position was almost the same as Cao Cao's position above Emperor Xian of Han. However, unlike Cao Cao's calculation of how to ascend to the top of power step by step and eventually usurp the world of Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang and his family had always adhered to the way of Kings and ministers and never crossed the line. And this in The Three Kingdoms, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties that period, the powerful ministers abolished the emperor, usurpation of independent things as much as the era, Prime Minister Zhuge is indeed a rare person.

Of course, here is still to give Zhang Fei a fight against injustice. "Romance of The Three Kingdoms" portrays Zhang Fei as a rough man on the whole, only able to shout and kill, and little wisdom. Only in the Changban slope to scare Cao Cao, described the wisdom of Zhang Fei. He ordered the soldiers to drag the branches behind the horses, raising a lot of dust, creating the illusion of a large number of troops and horses, and frightening Cao Cao, reflecting his rough and fine. This is actually a little too dwarfed Zhang Fei. In the beginning of the Taoyuan three knot, Zhang Fei is the richest one among the three brothers, Taoyuan is also Zhang Fei's family, he does is to sell meat business, but also very big. While Liu Bei was just a small seller of straw sandals and MATS, Guan Yu was in a similar situation. Therefore, it can be seen that Zhang Fei is the most entrepreneurial person among the three brothers. Moreover, when Liu Bei saw that the imperial court was unable to cope with the Yellow Turban uprising, issued the imperial list, and asked the prefectures to organize their own troops to suppress the yellow turban thieves, and saw his distant family, Liu Han's court was so weak, he only sighed, but Zhang Fei saw this situation and shouted at his husband why he sighed? Perhaps the spark of entrepreneurship in Liu Bei's heart was ignited by Zhang Fei.