What is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?

What is PCOS?

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine system disorder among women of reproductive age. It is a condition where the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone are out of balance.

How many women have PCOS?

It is difficult to know exactly how many women have PCOS, however, it is believed to be a very common condition affecting 1 in 5 women. Many women may not show any symptoms or they may feel nervous to ask for help due to the embarrassing symptoms.

Causes

The exact cause of PCOS is still unknown, however, many researchers have offered various theories. A popular explanation is that it is hereditary, others suggest it is down to diet and lifestyle.

There are three possible causes:

1. GMO Chemical Food's- There is a sac around the egg, this makes androgens. These are then supposed to be converted to estrogen. However, a chemical called Glyphosate found in GMO foods is blocking the enzyme aromatase, which is meant to aid in the conversion, in turn causing an excess of androgen.
2. High insulin-an excess of sugar, in turn, triggering a high level of IGF-1 (IGF-1 is a hormone made by the liver that helps you regulate sugar when you are not eating, and insulin regulates sugar when you are eating). Therefore, when you have too much insulin you are going to have a spike of IGF-1 and this is IGF-1 stimulates the production of androgen. All women have a small amount of testosterone in their body. However, women who suffer from PCOS may be producing high levels of androgens (such as testosterone) from the ovary and this is associated with insulin resistance.
3. Excess of stress. Just like the ovary makes some androgens, so does the adrenal gland and having an overactive adrenal in turn produces more androgens from stress.

Symptoms

Symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome usually become apparent in your late teens or early twenties. PCOS is a prominent undiagnosed condition, this may be due to various factors, such as women may feel embarrassed to seek help from the doctor due to their symptoms or it may be that they do not recognise the significance of their symptoms.
You do not have to show all symptoms of PCOS to be diagnosed.
These Symptoms include but are not limited to:

• Irregular periods, or no periods at all
• Difficulty getting pregnant (because of irregular ovulation or failure to ovulate)
• Excessive hair growth (hirsutism) – usually on the face, chest, back or buttocks
• Weight gain and/or trouble losing weight
• Thinning hair and hair loss from the head
• ‘Cysts’ on the ovaries
• Oily skin or acne
• Dandruff
• Dark patches of skin on the back of your neck and other areas, called acanthosis nigricans (a-can-tho-sis ni-gri-cans)
• Depression
• Anxiety

Risk Factors

Having polycystic ovarian syndrome may make the following conditions more likely:

• Infertility
• Sleep apnea
• Depression and anxiety
• Abnormal uterine bleeding
• Cancer of the uterine lining (endometrial cancer), caused by exposure to continuous high levels of estrogen
• Gestational diabetes or pregnancy-induced high blood pressure
• Type 2 diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Cholesterol and lipid abnormalities, such as elevated triglycerides or low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the "good" cholesterol
• Metabolic syndrome — a cluster of signs and symptoms that indicate a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease
• Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis — a severe liver inflammation

Due to the severity of some of the risk factors, it is critical that if you notice any of the symptoms discussed above, that you visit a doctor. The sooner you are diagnosis the better, as proper management is required to ensure that the following risk factors can be managed quicker or be prevented.

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