Hong Kong Art gallery(6) - Braving Untold Dangers・War Correspondents香港艺术展览(6) - 出生入死・战地记者

How much do you know about War Correspondents? I believe not so much. Because I didn’t know much also. I only knew that they are the journalists in the battlefields. But after visiting the galleries, I found that the influences of War Correspondents to the world can be so great. They are all great people.

不知道你們對戰地記者的認識有多少？我相信認識不多，因為我也是，我只知道戰地記者是到戰場探訪的記者，但觀看了這個展覽，我才知道戰地記者對社會的影響力竟可如此之大，而戰地記者竟是如此偉大。

The gallery “Braving Untold Dangers・War Correspondents” is in the HK Museum of Coastal Defence. The gallery will end on the 31st of Jan 2018. It introduced the emergence of war correspondents, their equipment and also some great war correspondents in the history.

《出生入死 戰地記者》展覽位於香港的香港海防博物館，展期到2018年1月31日結束。展覽內介紹了戰地記者的起源、裝備，還有數名著名的戰地記者與他們對戰爭，甚至世界格局的影響。

More about HK Museum of Coastal Defence, you may visit: https://steemit.com/travel/@aaronli/hong-kong-art-gallery-5-the-hong-kong-museum-of-coastal-defence-1-5-1

更有關於香港海防博物館的介紹，可查看我這篇文章：https://steemit.com/travel/@aaronli/hong-kong-art-gallery-5-the-hong-kong-museum-of-coastal-defence-1-5-1

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The emergence of War Correspondents戰地記者的誕生

William Howard, The first War Correspondents
威廉・拉塞爾，首位戰地記者

journalists started to cover wars from the battle zone during the Napoleonic Wars in the beginning of 19th century, but most coverage were incomplete. Until 1853, the broke out of the Crimean War, as the war involved Britain, France, Turkey, Russia, etc, it was concerned by the people and countries. The Times, leading news agency at the time, decided to send reporter William Howard Russell to travel with the army and report the latest news of the war.

記者到戰地採訪大約在十九世紀初的拿破崙戰爭開始，但這些報導的內容仍是十分零碎。直到1853年克里米亞戰爭爆發，由於該戰爭涉及到英、法、土耳其及俄國等，備受國際關注，當時的報業龍頭《泰晤士報》決定派出記者威廉・霍華德・拉塞爾隨同軍隊前往戰場報道。

Roger Fenton, the first photojournalist to record the Crimean War with a Camera
羅傑・芬頓，首位以相機記錄克里米亞戰爭的攝影師

At first, Russell only published the victory of the army. But later he discovered the mistake of the frontline and also the insufficient support of medical. He changed the focus and criticized the army. The news stirred up wide discussion in Britain. Nurse Nightingate organized a rescue group to the front line. The army also adjusted the strategy like the construction of transportation network and enforcement of medical support. I would say Russell was the key point of the Britain’s final victory.

本來拉塞爾都只是報道英軍勝利的報導，但後來他發現英軍前線失誤及後勤醫療不足的問題，報導重心轉向批評英軍。這些報導引起英國社會的討論，護士南丁格爾看過報導後，更組織救護隊到前線協助救援，而英軍亦因拉塞爾的報導調整策略，加強運輸網及後勤支援，拉塞爾可說是間接協助英軍得到最後勝利的功臣。

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War Correspondents, becoming the tool of nations戰地記者 成為國家的工具

The Leica I (1925), commonly used by journalists during World War II
徠卡 I (1925), 是不少二次世界大戰記者使用的相機

Countries started to realize the importance of media to war, which may manipulate public opinion as a means to gain public support and recruit new soldiers, or to cover up military errors, to suppress criticism about military deployments and to attack enemy’s morale. They started to made effective use of the media. During the two World War, Counties adopted very prudent attitudes towards war reporting, employing stringent censorship and restricting the activities of reporters at the front line, making combat coverage a mouthpiece for propaganda.

各國開始意識到媒體對戰爭的重要，能有利宣傳和操控民意，以爭取民眾支持、招募新兵，或掩飾軍事錯失、打擊敵軍士氣等，故開始有計劃地利用媒體。兩次世界大戰其間，歐美國家均對戰爭的報道採取謹慎的態度，施行嚴格審查及限制記者在前線活動，戰地記者成為宣傳的喉舌。

With the support of the Japanese government, eye-catching photos related to the war were featured in different journals in Japan
大書日本政府支持下，日本雜誌出現大量刺激視覺的照片

But there were still a lot of great war correspondents willing to report the truth and cruel of wars. Their photos touched the heart of viewers, and even changed the strategy of countries’ policies.

不過仍有不少出色的戰地記者，勇於報導戰爭的真相與殘酷，他們拍攝的照片觸動無數人的心靈，更間接改變國家政策的取向。

War Correspondents bravely took the photos of Port Arthur Massacre, 1894
記者勇敢拍下「旅順大屠殺」的慘況 (1894)

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Nick Ut黃幼公 (1951- )

“The photo changes my life, and also the life of Phan Thi Kim Phuc.”
「那張照片改變我的一生，也改變了潘金福的一生。」

Nick Ut, born in Vietnam, started his career during 16 years old. He became famous after taking the picture “The Terror of War” in 1972. The picture was awarded the 1973 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography and the Leica Hall of Fame Award 2012.

黃幼公，Nick Ut，越南人，是美聯社著名戰地記者，16歲便參與戰地拍攝工作，他在1972年21歲時拍下《被燒的越南女孩》而為人認識，並獲得1973年的《普立茲新聞攝影獎》及2012年《徠卡名人堂攝影獎》。

“The Terror of War”, which is now the symbol of anti-war. The photo changes the life of Phan Thi Kim Phuc, the yound naked girl in the photo.
《被燒的越南女孩》，今天已是反戰的象徵，它改變了照片中的赤裸女孩，潘金福的一生

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Eddie Adams 愛迪・阿當斯 (1933-2004)

“The General Killed the Viet cong; I killed the General with my Camera.”
「將軍殺死了那個越共；我則用相機殺了將軍。」

Eddie Adams began his career as a combat photographer in the Korean War in the 1950s. His photographic works also covered the Vietnam War, the unrest in Haiti and the Gulf War.

愛迪・阿當斯自上世紀五十年代的韓戰起開始戰地記者的生涯，曾參與越戰、海地騷亂及波斯灣戰爭的拍攝。

“Saigon Execution”. It captured the moment when the bullet went through the head of a Viet Cong prisoner, showing the brutality and violence of war.
《西貢槍決》, 記錄了子彈穿過越共戰俘頭顱的一刻，同時展示了戰爭的殘酷和暴力

His picture “Saigon Execution” in the front line of the Vietnam War earned him the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography. In 1970, his picture “Boat of No Smiles” caught the attention of people in Western Countries again. It indirectly prompted the US government to amend the immigration policy, allowing some Vietnamese refugees to settle in the US.

他在越戰前線拍攝的《西貢槍決》得到1969年《普立茲新聞攝影獎》。1970年，他的《沒有笑容的越南船民》再次引起西方社會關注，更間接促使美國政府修改移民政策，讓部份越南難民得以移居美國。

“Boat of No Smiles” (1977) , in 4 years after the photos, the US opened its foor to more than 200,000 refugees from Vietnam
《沒有笑容的越南船民》 (1977)，之後的4年間，美國接收了二十多萬越南難民

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Clara Hollingworth 克萊爾・霍林沃思 (1911-2017)

Doyenne of War Correspondents 戰地記者元老

Clare Hollingworth, borned in Engliand, worked on a programme to help Jewish people residing in Czechoslovakia escape from the Nazis by helping them migrate in her early stage of career. In 1939, she was dispatched to Poland. Less than one week she arrived, she saw hundreds of German tanks and large number of soldiers gathering at the German-Polish border. She relised that the Germans were planning to invade Poland and reported it to The Daily Telegraph. On 29 August, the newspaper published an article with the headline “1000 tanks massed on Polish Frontier”. Hollingworth became fanous as the first journalist to cover the outbreak of World War II.

英國出生的克萊爾・霍林沃思早年就曾參與捷克境內的猶太人移民援助計劃，協助猶太人脫離德國納粹的統治。1939年，她被派駐到波蘭，抵達後不足一星期，她發現德國邊境有大量德國坦克及軍隊，她意識到德軍將入侵波蘭，並向報社滙報。同年8月29日，《每日電訊報》以《千輛坦克壓境波蘭》為標題，率先披露德國入侵的意圖，霍林沃思成為了報導二次世界大戰爆發的首位記者而聞名於世。

Media Press of Hollingworth during her 105 years old birthday
霍林沃思105歲生日時的新聞專題

2017, Hollingworth passed away in Hong Kong at the age of 105.

2017年，霍林沃思於香港離世，享年105歲。

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蕭乾 (1910-1999)

“Even if I have not discovered anything, at least I have performed the role of a messenger in this important era.”
「如果我什麼也不曾找到，至少在這大時代裡，我曾充當了一名消息傳達者。」

Xiao Qian, borned in Beijing, was an extraordinary Chinese reporter in modern times. He visited a number of battlefields across war-stricken Europe, including the interior of Britain, and the front line in Germany. He was best known for his World War II writings, including “London under Silver Kites” and “The Views of a Chinese Correspondent on the European Battles of World War II”, creating room for readers to reflect.

生於北京的蕭乾是近代中國的出色記者，曾走訪英國內陸、德國前線等多個戰場，尤以報道二次大戰聞名，其間寫下了《銀風箏下的偷敦》、《一個中國記者對二次歐戰的觀感》等出色文章，為讀者帶來反思的空間。

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王小亭 (1900-1981)

“A Journalist must first be sharp-minded; Secondly, physically fit, and Thirdly, able to leave home at any time.”
「記者的成功之道：第一是要思考敏銳、第二是要身體好、第三是要隨時離家。」

Wang Xiaoting assumed the role of director of the photography department of Shanghai newspaper Shun Pao in 1930 and revealed the latest updates on the Japanese move in China. In 1937, he took a picture which shocked commentators in the US: a crying baby sitting on the bombed railroad waiting to be rescued. It resulted in widespread condermnation of the Japanese brutality in the international community. The Japanese put a bounty on Wang’s head because of the picture. Subsequently, Wand fled to HK with the help of a film studio and he continues his work as a photojournalist.

王小亭於1930年出任上海《申報》攝影部主任，發表大量作品揭示日軍侵華的實況。他在1937年日軍空襲上海南火車站時拍攝了一張震驚國際的照片：哭泣的嬰兒坐在被炸毀的路軌上等待救援，促使國際社會讉責日軍的暴行。他更因這照片被日軍懸紅追殺，幸而在電影公司的協助下暫避香港，繼續攝影記者的生涯。

The picture was seen by 136,000,000 readers
這照片曾約有1 憶3千6百萬人觀看

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羅伯特・卡帕 (1913-1954)

“If your photographs Aren’t Good Enough, You’re not close enoygh.”
「如果你拍得不好，那是因為你不夠接近。」

Robert Capa was born in Hungary. He covered the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and took the picture “The Falling Soldier” making him famous in the photography community. Later he took pictures during the China’s War of Resistance against Japan, the European battlefields during WWLL, the first Middle Eastern War and the Indochina War. His most famous work was taken in 1944 when he captured the D-Day landing of allied troops. In 1954, while taking pictures in Vietnam, Capa stepped on a landmine and was killed.

羅伯特・卡帕生於匈牙利，他在1936年採訪西班牙內戰，拍下《倒下的士兵》，聲名大噪，後來他參與了中國抗日戰爭、二次大戰、第一次中東戰爭及法越戰爭的拍攝。其中在1944年他拍攝了盟軍登陸諾曼第一天的情況。在1954年，卡帕在越南拍照時誤踩地雷陣亡

“The Falling Soldier”, which captured a Spanish Republican militiaman being shot and falling
《倒下的士兵》，捕捉了一名西班牙共和軍士兵中彈倒地的一瞬間

D-Day landing of allied troops
盟軍登陸諾曼第一天的情況

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After reading, what do you feel about War Correspondents now? I believe that the existence of War Correspondents is not about Sales or interest, but a mission. This is a mission that they are willing to sacrifice their life to present to us the truth of war, and the cruel of war. They let us know the updates of war, the future of our world, and most importantly, to express the message of anti-war. I wish in the future, there will be one day that no war happens. Even only one day, I will be happy about that.

不知道看完以上的文字，大家對戰地記者會有什麼感受，我相信戰地記者的存在，不是為了銷量，不是為了興趣，而是一份使命，一份讓他願意冒著生命危險的使命，去揭示戰爭的真相、戰爭的殘酷。他們的奉獻讓我們得知戰爭的實況，知道社會的安危，最重要的是讓我們深深感受到反戰的重要。我希望在未來，會有一天沒有戰爭發生，那怕只有一天，我也很高興了。

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謝謝你能抽空閱讀這篇文章，我平日喜歡分享香港的故事，希望大家多多支持，我會繼續努力！

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