Continuing the theme of systems theory.

In order to build a theory of systems, a person must have a huge stock of encyclopaedic knowledge in a wide variety of fields - physics with mathematics and in all other continuations of physics such as chemistry, astronomy and others, including biology and medicine, that is, in all areas of our knowledge, that in our age of narrow specializations it is almost impossible. It seems that the time of the encyclopedists has already passed and to create a complete theory of systems this is a very big problem. But you can first build separate "pieces of bricks" of this theory with the expectation that someday there will be a bright mind that can build from these bricks a large and beautiful "building" of the theory of systems.
It is believed that the first ideas about systems arose in ancient philosophy, which put forward an ontological interpretation of the system as the orderliness and integrity of being. Even in ancient Greek philosophy and science (Euclid, Plato, Aristotle, Stoics), the idea of ​​a system of knowledge was developed (the axiomatic construction of logic, geometry). Ideas and ideas about the systemic nature of life, begun in antiquity, continued to develop both in the system-ontological concepts of B. Spinoza and G. Leibniz, and in the constructions of the scientific systematics of the 17th and 18th centuries, striving for a natural (and not teleological) interpretation of the systemic nature of the world (for example, the classification of K. Linnaeus). The concept of the system was used in the study of scientific knowledge and the range of solutions offered was very broad - from the denial of the systematic nature of scientific and theoretical knowledge (E. Condillac) to the first attempts to philosophically substantiate the logical-deductive nature of knowledge systems (IG Lambert, et al.). .
According to I. Kant, scientific knowledge is a system in which the whole predominates over parts. F. Schelling and G. Hegel interpreted the system of cognition as the most important requirement of dialectical thinking. In bourgeois philosophy of the second half of the XIX and early XX centuries. with a general idealistic solution of the basic question of philosophy, the statements and, in some cases, the solutions of certain problems of systemic research-the specifics of theoretical knowledge as systems (neo-Kantianism), singularities of the whole (holism, gestalt psychology), methods of constructing logical and formalized systems (neopositivism).
In contrast, in Marxist philosophy, the philosophical basis for the study of systems is the principles of materialist dialectics-the universal connection of phenomena, development, contradictions, etc. (K. Marx and F. Engels).
From the second half of the XIX century. The intensive penetration of the concept of the system into various areas of concrete scientific knowledge began. Important for this was the creation of the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin, the theory of relativity, quantum physics, structural linguistics, etc. There arose the task of constructing a rigorous definition of the concept of a system and developing operational methods for analyzing systems, which in principle has not been solved to this day.
In the 40's and 50's. XX century. to meet the needs of the rapidly evolving complex human life support systems, electronics and cybernetics with renewed vigor, intensive research began in this direction. Proposed in the late 40's. von Bertalanffy, the program for constructing a "general theory of systems" was one of the first attempts at a generalized analysis of systemic problems. But even earlier in the tectology of AA Bogdanov, in the works of VI Vernadsky, in the praxeology of T. Kotarbinsky and others, some specific scientific principles of the analysis of systems were formulated. In addition to this in the 50's and 60's. a number of system-wide concepts and definitions of the concept of systems (in the USA, the USSR, Poland, the United Kingdom, Canada and other countries) have been put forward and these attempts continue to this day.