In the book Gayidess - Theory of systems, the definitions of the values necessary for sufficiency and deficiency of systems, as well as defects and processes that lead to system defects.
Quotations from the book:
"Any system is designed for some completely specific and specific for it purpose and for this it does only specific (targeted) actions. Therefore, the purpose of the system is the desire to perform certain targeted actions to obtain the target (proper) result of these actions.
The aircraft is designed for air transport, but can not make scuba diving. The result of action is movement through the air. The shovel is intended only for carrying loose materials, but not for processing diamonds. The result of the action is the transfer of bulk materials. The system of external gas exchange (lungs without vessels) can transport metabolic gases only through the air medium, but not through liquids. The result of the action is the exchange of metabolic gases between the surrounding air and the alveolar space. The circulatory system (vessels, heart and blood) can transport metabolic gases only through the liquid medium (blood), but not through the air. The result of the action is the exchange of metabolic gases between the alveolar space and the tissues of the body."
"These results are expected and predicted. If the circulatory system must provide, for example, 15 l / min of blood flow to perform the load, then no one expects from it, for example, a blood flow of 60 l / min. It is expected of her and she is obliged to give just 15, and not 10 or 35 l / min, and it is the blood flow, not the flow of air, or the secretion of something. Consistency and predictability of the performance of its functions is a distinctive feature of any systems - living, natural, social, financial, technical, etc.
Therefore, in order to achieve its purpose, any object of our World must act, perform any purposeful actions (actions)."
Action is:

1. the manifestation of any energy, activity, as well as the very power, the functioning of something.
2. The state, the process that occurs in response to any impact, stimulus, impression (eg, reaction in psychology, chemical reactions, nuclear reactions).
   "After the object's actions, the result of the action is obtained. The goal of any system is the desire to develop a proper (target) result of the action. This object is the donor of the result of the action. The result of the action of the donor system can be directed to some other system, which in this case will be the recipient (target) for the result of the action. In this case, the effect of the donor system becomes an external effect on the recipient system. Interaction between systems is carried out only through the results of the action.
   Thus, a chain of actions is built:

→ ... external impact → result of action (external impact) → ...

The fire burned the palm, that is, a thermal external effect on the skin receptors occurred. The external effect on receptors is fire. The result of their action (receptors) was the stimulation of their action potential, which was transmitted to the neurons of the brain. This action potential is already an external effect on the neurons of the brain, and their (neurons) resulted in an electric stimulation, which in the form of the neuronal action potential through the dendrite was transmitted to the synapse of the arm muscle. Here the electric excitation of neurons of the brain has already become an external effect on the myocytes of the muscles of the hand, and the movement of the hand is the result of the action of these muscles. So the chain of actions on a reflex arm pulling in response to a burn looks like. And so it will always look, if we can not be protected from fire. And the purpose is to save the hand from thermal damage."
"Therefore, if a group of interacting elements continuously and unambiguously carries out certain necessary actions that contribute to the attainment of any purpose, and its result of actions is the achievement of a given purpose, such a group of elements is a system."