有趣的数学【28】:从井盖为什么是圆的说开去

in #steempress6 years ago

在我们身边,数学无处不在。

我们在城市的路上行走,你有没有发现,几乎所有的窨井盖都是圆形的?为什么不是别的形状,比如正方形,长方形,三角形呢?

有些杠精会说,如果窨井盖都是方的,你同样会提出类似的问题,操那么多心干嘛?

实际上,圆形的井盖,就是数学在我们身边的体现。圆是几何图形中最普通、 最实用, 而又最完美的图形。

首先,圆形没有方向性。

圆是到定点的距离等于定长的点的轨迹,也就是说,圆周上的任意一点到圆心的距离是相等的。

只要井盖的直径稍微大于井口的直径,那么,不管井盖被何种原因轧起来,再掉下去的时候,它都是掉不到井里的。
image.png

而如果是正方形或是长方形,梯形之类的别的形状的井盖,总有对角线的长度大于边长的情况,这样,在井盖弹起来再落下去的时候,就有可能掉进井里,这就会带来潜在的危险。
image.png

也因为圆周上的任意一点到圆心的距离是相等的,所以,我们的车轮都是圆形的,车轴就在圆心的位置。

图源:pixabay

这样在平坦的路上行驶时,车子才能够平稳,坐在上面的人才会舒适程度最高。另外的原因是圆形最易滚动,滚动摩擦力要小于滑动摩擦力。

试想一下,如果车轮是方的,那么人在车上还不得吐死?

你可能会说,三角形的井盖就不会掉下去,为什么没用三角形呢?

这里面,一方面是三角形的窨井不太方便挖掘,圆形容易加工;另一方面,用同样的长度围成一个三角形,矩形或是圆形,其中面积最大的是圆形。

窨井的存在是为了方便人或物品进出,同样的形状,由圆形组成的圆柱形,体积最大。这也是考虑的因素之一。同样周长的情况下,圆形的井盖也比别的形状节约材料。

同样的,也因为圆形(圆柱形)的这个特点,我们日常生活中的脸盆,水杯,水桶等等容器,大部分都是用的圆柱形,因为这样同样的材料构成的容量最大。

图源:pixabay

圆柱形还有一个特性,就是圆柱的侧面受力最均匀,力的构造最稳定,能够承受周围土地和积水的压力最大。


Posted from my blog with SteemPress : https://kissfirer.000webhostapp.com/maths028

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