Geography is my favorite science, what has fascinated me since I was very young. I have been studying it for years and very soon, I hope to graduate as a Geographer. As a lover of geography, one of my concerns is the need to locate any object on the earth's surface, both on a map and in software.
The GPS system is essential to know, both for the geographical area and for any person. For an adequate location in the geographical space and basic knowledge, on how this location is determined.
In the following paragraphs, I present in a few words, the operations, the foundaments and the characteristics of the G.P.S system, with the use of slides, made by me.
It is a system developed by the US Department of America, initially with a military purpose, but for two decades, with the rise of globalization, it is of global, civil and military use. At present, this system consists of 33 artificial satellites and their respective ground stations, providing information for global positioning, at all times. The artificial satellites are used by the system, as a point of reference for the calculation of positions of points on the surface of the earth with better day-by-day accuracies.
Length: It is the angular distance between any point and the 0 ° meridian. It extends parallel to it, on both sides as a circumference of 360 ° (180 ° longitude West or to the left of the meridian 0 ° and 180 ° of longitude East or right of the meridian 0 °). The 0 ° meridian currently corresponds to the parallel passing through Greenwich, London. This corresponds to the beginning of the time zone.
What are the components of the G.P.S system?
- User Segment
- Space segment.
- Control segment.
How does this system work?
As mentioned above, the system is composed of 33 satellites, which transmit signals to the ground that are received by GPS receivers, signals that these use to calculate the location of the receiver.
The operation of the GPS can be explained in the following way: each satellite transmits a message that essentially says: "I am satellite X, my current position is Y, and this message is sent at time Z." When the GPS receiver receives the message, it compares the time the message was sent with the time it was received. The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far you are from that satellite. By performing the same procedure with another satellite, the position of the receiver can be triangulated.
With a minimum of 3 satellites, the receiver can calculate the longitude and latitude of its position. With 4 satellites, you can determine a position that includes, latitude, longitude and altitude.
Fundamentals in GPS measurements:
The GPS, is based on the measurement of distances, from radio signals transmitted by satellites, whose orbit is known with precision. Below are some of the fundamentals in the process of measuring the system, the most important one being undoubtedly that of satellite trilateracion.
- Satellite trilateracion.
- Measurement of distances from satellites.
- Measurement of time
- Relativistic effect.
- Positioning of the satellite.
What are the errors that can affect the accuracy?
Precisions with G.P.S.
The precision obtained with G.P.S. It can vary in a range between millimeters and meters depending on various factors and depending on the type of receiver. It is important to mention that the precision obtained in the determination of the horizontal coordinates (North and East) is greater than the precision in the determination in the vertical coordinate.
In general, the accuracy obtained in measurements with G.P.S. It depends on the following factors:
- Receiving team.
- Planning and data collection procedure.
- Measurement time
- Programs used in data processing.
- There are two types of accuracies, the absolute and the differential.
Absolute accuracy: using the Standard Positioning Service (SPS) you can obtain accuracies in the order of 20 m. If the Precise Positioning Service (PPS) or code P is used, accuracies between 5 and 10 m can be obtained.
Differential accuracy: accuracy less than 1 meter can be obtained, even less than 1 cm. With the use of more sophisticated receivers, they operate in static mode and can provide the calculations in real time.
Applications of G.P.S
Sources
The slides were made by me, with images taken from Google and the backgrounds taken from Wallpaper.com
The own essays, learned from various texts, books and documents such as:
Leonardo Cassanova Matera. (2013) Flat topography. Merida, Venezuela
Huerta E., Mangiarreta A., Noguera G. (2005) GPS: Satellite Positioning. Rosario, Argentina
Victor Olaya (2011) Geographic Information Systems. Spain.
Notasdegeodesia.blogspot.com (2009) Principles of GPS navigators.
I hope that this information will be very useful and provide you with more knowledge about the G.P.S. There is nothing left but to say goodbye to friends, that they are very well, a greeting to all.
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