INTRODUCTION ABOUT CRUDE OIL.

Years ago, energy supply was mainly from wood and coal. These substances produce a lot of pollutants.scientists have been searching for alternative energy source that is more efficient, so by 1859, crude oil or petroleum, a dark viscous liquid was discovered in U.S.A. by Drake.
Crude oil has been consumed by the modern civilization mostly at the expense of other energy resources.

WHAT IS CRUDE OIL:

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Another name for crude oil is petroleum. It is believed that crude oil is derived from marine Organisms which collected over millions of years in sands and mud in the sea. With the Earth's compacting movements and variation in temperature and pressure. These materials changed to crude oil.
Crude oil is a dark viscous liquid
Found beneath the earth surface.
It is made of carbon, hydrogen,
Oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes
Sulphur.crude oil and natural gas
are now used in increasing amount
to produce many organic compounds
Like ethanol,ethane, benzene,toluene.
Industries can use them to make large
Molecule organic compounds like
Plastics, synthetic, rubber, insecticides,
Nylon, detergents, Dacron.
Substances manufactured from the by_
Products of crude oil are called
Petrochemicals.

REFINING OF CRUDE OIL:

Oil refining is carried out in the industries. It involves making useless crude oil useful for man's use. Dung crude oil contains sand and water in suspension and also some gas and as such cannot be used directly.To make
It more useful it is brought to the surface and pumped under pressure to cylindrical tank called fractionating columns or towers, each standing some 40 to 50 meter high and 7 meters across. The crude oil is preheated to about 4000 in an electric furnace. The mixture of hot vapour and liquid flows through pipes to fractionally column.
You will observe that the fractionating column is divided into several compartments by perforated plates called trays. Each tray is maintained within a specific range of temperature. Each tray is a little cooler than the one below, so that towards the bottom of the column, the temperature is about 4000
While top is about 400. As the vapour containing a mixture of substances ascends the column, it cools, condenses and separates out into several fractions according to the volatility of the substances in the mixture. It means that substances with higher boiling points separate out in the trays on the lower
Part of the column, while those with lower boiling points separate out on the trays in the upper part of the column.
The different fractions are drawn off at
Different heights on the column,redis_
stilled to improve purity and then fur_
ther treated to obtain different liquid
fuels and petrochemicals. The principal
fractions obtained by the fractional dist_
illation of crude oil include petroleum
Gas, petroleum ethers and ligroin, petrol
Kerosene,gas oil and diesel oil, lubricating oils, bitumen and other residues.

USES Of CRUDE OIL AND PETROCHEMICALS:

THE PRODUCTS OF CRUDE OIL:

1. Diesel.
2. Fuel oil.
3. Petrol.
4. Wax.
5. Kerosene.
6. Bitumen.
7. Lubricating oil.

Fuel and other heavy fraction products
from crude oil.

A variety of useful plastic household items are in common use in Nigeria.

USES OF PETROLEUM GASES:

1. They are mainly used as fuels at
   homes and industries.

2. They can be used for manfacturing
   of products like hydrogen,carbon
   (IV) sulphide, tetrachloromethane
   and ethyne.

Example include methane, ethane, propane, butane.

PETROLEUM ETHERS AND LIGROIN:

1. This is used as organic solvent.eg.
   Petrol.

2. Petrol is used as a fuel for
   aeroplanes and motor vehicles.

3. It is also a good solvent for paint
   and grease.

 KEROSENE:

(1) it is used as a fuel for lighting and
heating.

(2). It is used for driving tractors and
some modern jet engines.

(3). It is also a good solvent for grease
and paints.

GAS OIL  AND DIESEL OIL:

(1).  They are mainly used as fuels for 
        heating and diesel engines.
  
(2).  It is  also used in the industry as
        a raw materials for the cracking
        Process.

BITUMEN:

This is mainly used for surfacing roads and airfields:

1. They are used as fuel.

2. They are used as protective
   Paints.

3. They can also be used in pipe
   coating and as waterproofing
   roots.

   USES OF PETROCHEMICALS:

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Substances manufactured from the
by_ products of petroleum or crude
Oil are called petrochemicals. In 
recent years, the manufacturer of
such compounds has become an 
Important industry.
They include:

ACETIC ANHYDRIDE:

This compound is petrochemical.
It is colourless mobile with a
strong odour.
USES:

(1). It is used in cellulose acetate
Fibres and plastics.

(2). It is used in pharmaceutical
Industries for production of
dyes, per fumes explosives,
aspirin, esterifying agent for
Food starch.

PRODUCTS OF PETROCHEMICALS
IN NIGERIA.

1.   Detergents.
 2.  Paints.
 3.  Plastics.
  4. Fertilizer.
   5. Pesticide.
   6.Nylon material.
    7. Syathelic rubber
         and libies.

All this all petrochemical products.

ACETONE:

This is a colourless volatile liquid, with
a sweetish odour.

(1). It is used in making paint,vanish
and lacquer solvents.

(2). It can be used in cleaning of
precision equipment.

(3). It is a specification in testing
of vulcanized rubber products.

ACROLEIN:

It is colourless or yellowish liquid with
a disagreeable choking odour.

(1). Its is used as intermediate for
synthetic glycerol, polyurethane
and ployester resins.

(2). It is used in making herbicides.

(3). It is used in pharmaceutical
Industry.

(4). It services as a warning agent
In gases.
ACRYLONITRIL:

It is a colourless, mobile liquid with a mid odour.

(1). It is used as monomer for acrylic
and modacrylic fibres and high
Strength whiskers.

(2). It is used in making nitrite
rubber.

(3). It is used in making cyanoethylat
of cotton.

(4). It is used for making synthetic
soil blocks.

(5). It serves as organic grain
fumigant.
ADIPIC ACID:

This is a white, crystalline soild uses.

(1). It is used in manufacture of nylon.

(2). It is used in making polyurethane
foams.

(3). In preparation of ester for use as
plasticisers and lubricants.

(4). It serves as food additive, baking
powders and adhesives.

  ALLYL ALCOHOL:

It is colourless liquid with pungent
Like odour.

   USES:

(1). It is used in esters as resins
and plasticisers.

(2). It serves as intermediate for pharm_
aceuticals and other organic
chemicals.

(3). It is used in manufacturing of
glycerol and acrolein.

(4). It serves as military poison gas.

(5). It is used in Making herbicides.

ALLYI CHlORIDE:

It is a colourless liquid with unpleasant
pungent odour.

  USED:

(1). It is used in preparaing allyl
alcohol and other ally derivatives.

(2). In making thermo setting resins
for vanishes, plastics, adhensives,
and

(3). In synthesis of pharmaceuticals.

(4). In making glycerol and insecticides
precursor of epichloro hydrin.

CARBON TETRACHLORIDE:

It is colourless liquid vapour 5.3 times
heavier than air. It has a sweetish
distinctive odour.

USES:

(1) it is used as refrigerants.

(2). It is used in metal degreasing.

(3). serves as agricultural fumigant.

(4). It is Used in chlorinating organic
compounds production of semi_
conductors.

(5). It is a solvent ( fats, oils, rubber)

Other petrochemicals include
chloroform, aerosol, dodecylbenzene,
dodecylphenol,epichilorohydrin,
epoxyresin, ethanolamine,ethyl_
alcohol, ethyl chloride,ethyln etc.

IMPORTANCE OF CRUDE OIL TO
NIGERIA:

Crude oil is an essential commodity
In Nigeria. It is our source of foreign exchange earner. It attracts investment capital to Nigeria. Nigeria is experiencing rapid economic growth
and development due to crude oil. It
Creates employments to many nigerians.
Our major source of energy at home and
Industries is from crude oil. Crude oil
and natural gas are important domestic
Fuel for heavy_duty vehicles and engines. The gas power stations at
Ugheli and sepele use natural gas to
generate electricity. Nigeria also purposes to set up a liquefied Natural
Gas Plant. This will enable Nigeria not
Only to increase it's natural consuumption at home, but also to
export the gas. Nigerian industries
are using small molecule organic com_
Pound from crude oil to make plastics,
synthetic rubber, insecticides, detergents and synthetic fibres like
Nylon and Dacron.

CONCLUSION:

(1). Another name for crude oil is
Petroleum.

(2). Crude oil is a dark viscous liquid
Found beneath the earth surface.

(3). Crude oil is made of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
and sometimes sulphur.

(4). Refining of crude oil is carried out
In the industries.

(5). Substances manufactured from
the by products of petroleum
are called petrochemicals.

(6). They are numerous and are the
backbone of our.

(7). Industries in Nigeria today.

(8). Crude is our major source of
energy and income in Nigeria.

(9). Natural gas is an important
domestic fuel in Nigeria.

(10). Plastics, rubber, insecticides,
detergents etc are all products
of crude oil.

    REFERENCE:

Akiner, Shirin; Aldis, Anne, eds. (2004). The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-0501-6.

Bauer Georg, Bandy Mark Chance (tr.), Bandy Jean A. (tr.) (1546). De Natura Fossilium. vi (in Latin). translated 1955

Hyne, Norman J. (2001). Nontechnical Guide to Petroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling, and Production. PennWell Corporation. ISBN 978-0-87814-823