LeetCode 4 | Median of Two Sorted Arrays 寻找两个有序数组的中位数

in #esteem5 years ago

题目描述

There are two sorted arrays nums1 and nums2 of size m and n respectively.

Find the median of the two sorted arrays. The overall run time complexity should be O(log (m+n)).

You may assume nums1 and nums2 cannot be both empty.

Example 1:

nums1 = [1, 3]
nums2 = [2]

The median is 2.0
Example 2:

nums1 = [1, 2]
nums2 = [3, 4]

The median is (2 + 3)/2 = 2.5

分析

算中位数,在我们平时的思路上, 就是把一组无序的数, 排序, 取位置在最中间的数,如果数组有偶数个数, 就取中间两个数的平均数

因此最容易想到的方法是, 把数组 nums1 和数组 nums2 合并起来, 然后使用sort()方法排序, 取中间数即可。

/**
 * @param {number[]} nums1
 * @param {number[]} nums2
 * @return {number}
 */
var findMedianSortedArrays = function(nums1, nums2) {
    // 合并
    let nums = nums1.concat(nums2)
    // 排序
    nums.sort(function(a, b) { return a-b })
    let l = nums.length
    // 偶数个 返回中间两数平均值
    if (l % 2 === 0) {
        return (nums[l / 2 - 1] + nums[l / 2]) / 2
    } else {
    // 奇数个 返回中间的数
        return nums[parseInt(l / 2)]
    }
};

但这样解其实是不符合题意的, 因为题目限定了时间复杂度为O(log(m + n)), 这是一个log级别的复杂度, 显然是不能使用任何排序算法的,这也是这个题目难度是困难的原因

这道题我是不会的, 因为我没有想到中位数另外一个定义:
将一个集合划分为两个长度相等的子集,其中一个子集中的元素总是大于另一个子集中的元素。

也就是说, 这是一种分而治之的思想, 如果num1长度为3, nums2长度为4, 我们可以从中间对nums1数组切一刀, 假设切一刀后, nums1左侧的元素个数为 1 个, 那么根据中位数定义中“将一个集合划分为两个长度相等的子集”,可以知道 ,此时num2左侧的元素个数一定要为 6, 因为只有这样切,才可以保证两边元素个数相等。

left      |        right
nums1[0], nums1[1], ..., nums1[i-1]  |  nums1[i], nums1[i+1], ..., nums1[m-1]
nums2[0], nums2[1], ..., nums2[j-1]  |  nums2[j], nums2[j+1], ..., nums2[n-1]

假设 L1 为 nums1 切面左侧的最后一个元素 num1[i - 1], R2为 nums2切面右侧第一个元素nums[j], 那么根据定义“其中一个子集中的元素总是大于另一个子集中的元素”可知 L1 一定要 小于 R2, 同理 L2一定要小于 R1, 如果不满足, 就要用到二分查找, 更新切面的位置,直到满足这两个定义:

  • 两个长度相等的子集 即 分别切开后, nums1和nums2左侧元素个数和右侧元素个数要相等
  • 其中一个子集中的元素总是大于另一个子集中的元素。即 L1 < R2, L2 < R1

寻找到满足条件的切点后, 计算中位数,如果是奇数个, 取nums1, nums2左侧较大的数, 右侧较小的数,取平均值 如果是偶数个, 取右侧较小值即为所求

Javascript解法

/**
 * @param {number[]} nums1
 * @param {number[]} nums2
 * @return {number}
 */
   var findMedianSortedArrays = function(nums1, nums2) {
   
    // 过滤边界情况
    let l1 = nums1.length, l2 = nums2.length
    if(l1 === 0 && l2 === 1) { return nums2[0] }
    if (l2 === 0 && l1 === 1) { return nums1[0] }
    if (l1 === 1 && l2 === 1) { return (nums1[0] + nums2[0]) / 2 }

     // 如果第一个数组长度大于第二个, 则把他们顺序颠倒 运行函数
     // 因为知道了nums1在哪儿切, 就知道了nums2在哪儿切, 因此选数组长度小的切节省时间
    if(nums1.length > nums2.length) {
        return findMedianSortedArrays(nums2, nums1)
    }
    
   
    // 二分查找切点位置的左右边界
    let cutL = 0
    let cutR = nums1.length
    
    let cut1 = 0, cut2 = 0
    // 二分查找
    while(cutL <= cutR) {
    // 根据中位数的特征 两个数组合起来的中位数, 在数组的中间位置切开
   // 如果nums1 + nums2的总长度是5, 假设从nums1第二个位置切开,
   // nums1被切开的左侧有两个元素, 那么直接就可知道, 此时nums2在第三
   // 个位置被切开
        cut1 = parseInt((cutR - cutL) / 2) + cutL
        cut2 = parseInt((l1 + l2) / 2) - cut1
        // 分别计算切面两侧的元素L1, L2, R1, R2
        let L1 = (cut1 === 0) ? -Infinity : nums1[cut1 - 1]
        let L2 = (cut2 === 0) ? -Infinity : nums2[cut2 - 1]
        let R1 = (cut1 === l1) ? Infinity : nums1[cut1]
        let R2 = (cut2 === l2) ? Infinity : nums2[cut2]
        // 如果左侧大于了右侧, 说明该切点切得太靠后, 减少右边界
        if (L1 > R2) {
            cutR = cut1 - 1
        } else if (L2 > R1) {
            // 如果右侧大于左侧, 说明切点太靠前, 增加左边界
            cutL = cut1 + 1
        } else {
            // 当满足情况时, 取L1 L2中的最大的, R1,R2中最小的,即为合成后的数组的中间两数 如果数量为偶数个 返回均值
            if ((l1 + l2) % 2 === 0) {
                L1 = L1 > L2 ? L1 : L2
                R1 = R1 < R2 ? R1 : R2
                return (L1 + R1) / 2
            } else {
                // 如果是奇数个, 按照规律 直接返回R1 R2中的较大者即为所求
                R1 = R1 < R2 ? R1 : R2
                return R1
            }
        }
    }
    return -1
};

运行结果

x1dpf7iozr.png

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