How Rsk is going to use sharding

Rsk is Bitcoin's solution to Ethereum. Rsk is a bitcoin sidechain and stands for Rootstack.

A sidechain is separate chain that connect with the main chain. Thus allowing bitcoin to have an ethereum like system without clogging up the main chain.
Rsk.co use bitcoin as its currency like how ethereum use ether as in system currency.

RSK achieves 100-300 transactions per second on chain and confirms most payments in less than 20 seconds, while leveraging Bitcoin's proof of work security(merged mining).

Rootstock uses the DECOR + GHOST protocol to reduce the block interval to an average of 10 seconds, which is lower than the current Ethereum block with an average block interval of 16 seconds.

But with the Lumino Transaction Compression Protocol (LTCP), RSK will be able to process up to 2000 tps on chain! And once the Lumino Network is deployed over RSK, it will allow up to 20k tps off-chain taking Bitcoin to Visa processing levels,

Instead of forcing users to move contracts to a particular orphaned data partition, the Rootstock platform enables smart contracts to dynamically update specified addresses dynamically. Therefore, the entire node by dividing the transaction set to parallel transaction verification. This is a way to improve CPU resource consumption and make scalability easier for many data-processing cores at each Rootstock node.

However even with these faster speeds vs Ethereum sooner or later it would need to scale even better. Ethereum/RSK hopes to achieve their scaling by mainly using sharding.

Think of sharding as this:
Imagine that a chain such as eth or rsk has been split into thousands of islands. Each island can do its own thing. Each of the island has its own unique features and everyone belonging on that island i.e. the accounts, can interact with each other AND they can freely indulge in all its features. If they want to contact with other islands, they will have to use some sort of protocol.
The shards are basically like islands. So how do these islands communicate with each other? Remember, the purpose of shards is to make lots of parallel transactions happen at the same time to increase performance.
Each individual receipt of any transaction can be easily accessed via multiple Merkle trees from the transaction group Merkle root. Every transaction in a shard will do two things:
Change the state of the shard it belongs to
Generate a receipt
Here is another interesting piece of information. The receipts are stored in a distributed shared memory, which can be seen by other shards but not modified.

Sharding in a basic level is the break down the chain into subgroups

You might be asking how come we can just run the Dapps on a LN? You are kind of right but those are are diff in a sense-those apps are not as powerful or robust as Dapps. Lapps are more scalable but more basic. Dapps will have to run onchain. Lapps+Dapps will work together to build apps.
A more in depth explanation of Lapps:
https://steemit.com/bitcoin/@sames/lapps-what-they-are-and-how-many-are-there-now

So great but how come POW can't just be used for sharding-well since the chain is split apart in section say their are 100 shards it would take 1/100 of the hashrate to attack the shard.
However POW is better and more secure so how do we counter this problem in rsk?
Well since sharding is just a theory right now but the plan is the Federation will be open its door to nodes in a POS and Proof-of-Unique-Blockchain-Storage system. Making RSK a POS+POW hybrid. Each shard is secured by the POS and Proof of Storage and the whole chain is secured by POW.
Bitcoin holders in the RSK platform will be able to vote through a proof-of- stake system and full-nodes will be able to vote through a new protocol that allows them to prove they have a copy of the blockchain. Federations will also be able to vote on protocol changes in the current STTP system.
So how will this work?
The plan is when fees will be shared between Nodes and Miners.
The current rsk will be more node based- a supernode.
However the plan will be changed to allow Miner to get more Power By default, clients stop using federated checkpoints when if RSK hashing power is over 66% of the maximum BTC hashing difficulty observed in the best chain and the fees paid in a block are higher or equal to the average reward of a Bitcoin block.
In four years the next halving will come in bitcoin and in 4 years sharding should be done as well.
An fees in the current rsk will be locked for future uses(aka when bitcoin is worth higher) and miner set the fees by the chain averaging the requested fees miners propose. The bitcoin stored will be an emergency back up supply for future uses.
Best part of rsk is that in theory another chain can be built on top of rsk and in a sense lead to more scalability. In a crude sense kinda like the parallel chain proposals. These chains will work together by leveraging atomic swaps
This will be interesting! Rsk will be already faster than Eth when released and even faster with its own segwit aka lumino protocol. Rsk will reach Visa speeds with Lumino Network.
With the use of sharding and side chains- Bitcoin can have scalable Dapps that can reach Millions-Billions tps.
Bitcoin is joining the arms race against Ethereum and EOS. Now how will win in this Dapps's arm race is a question that only time can tell
Keynote: Bitcoin is also using sidechains to help exchanges and also increase privacy.
Here is bitcoin's solution for exchanges:
https://steemit.com/busy/@sames/liquid-bitcoin-s-solution-for-exchanges

Source:
https://steemit.com/bitcoin/@doni-ramadhan/rootstock-smarter-bitcoins
and https://steemit.com/bitcoin/@sames/bitcoin-s-ethereum-killer-rsk-co
and https://blockgeeks.com/guides/what-are-ethereum-nodes-and-sharding/
and https://www.coinmis.com/rootstock-released-the-test-network-bitcoin-ushered-in-the-smart-contract/

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