aurora borealis

What is the aurora borealis?
Where does it appear?
How is it formed?

It is a mixture of colors that form on the north and south poles of the globe and is also known as the polar dawn (in Latin: aurora) or the polar lights, and it is one of the beautiful phenomena.

Most aurora phenomena occur in the region known as the aurora borealis, defined by 3° and 6° latitude and 10° and 20° longitude from the geomagnetic poles at all local times (or longitudes), and they are clearly visible at night in the dark. The region that appears on the aurora at any given time is known as the auroral oval, which is a strip of light that appears on the dark side of the Earth. His observations of the aurora borealis serve as early evidence of an oval geomagnetic storm in the north and south. Elias and Mies (1860) and later Hermann Fritz (1881 and S. Tromholt (1882) have demonstrated that the aurora mainly appears in the "aurora borealis", a ring-shaped region with a radius of approximately 2,500 km around the Earth's magnetic pole, which is about 2,000 km from The magnetic pole.Then it started to spread day by day on the Internet.

The Earth is a magnetic piece with a north pole and a south pole, connected by lines of magnetic forces traveling from the south pole towards the north pole. The Earth's magnetic axis tilts 11.6 degrees from the geographical axis, thus passing 400 km away from the center of the Earth, and ends at two points on its surface called the Geo-Magnetic Points) and it is located north of it north of Greenland, specifically at longitudes 104 degrees West and latitude 78.5 degrees North, but As a result of the solar wind coming towards the Earth, the Earth's magnetic field is confined within a great cavity called the magnetosphere and surrounds the Earth in the form of a comet. The magnetic field lines are compressed sharply from the side of the sun, while extending outward in the opposite direction forming a long magnetic tail that reaches about six million kilometers.

Schematic of Earth's magnetosphere
When the charged particles reach the Earth, they fall into the magnetic field and begin to resonate in a spiral motion between two points close to the magnetic poles at 70-75 degrees north and south latitude at a very fast speed ranging between (0.1-3.0) per second so that electrons flow east and protons west around The Earth is formed of belts with a crescent cross section called the Van Allen radiation belts after the physicist James Van Allen, who was the first to predict the shape of these belts after the results of the spacecraft (Explorer 1 & 3) in 1958.
They are two belts, the first is relatively small and close, as it is only three thousand kilometers from the surface of the Earth, and consists mainly of protons with high energies, and the second is farther and larger, (at a distance of 20,000 km) and consists mainly of electrons and protons with low energies.
Source
ar.wikipedia.org
marefa.org