Administrative Corruption: Causes and Forms

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The world continues to suffer from the spread of various forms of corruption, not only in the developing world, but in some developed countries, although it is a clear phenomenon in the developing world for historical, political, administrative, political and military reasons. In his book "The Relationship of Administrative Corruption to the Individual and Organizational Characteristics of Government Officials and Their Organizations", Menqat Dagher listed some previous views on corruption, its causes and circumstances. Including the Transparency International study, which found "an inverse relationship between the democratic political environment and the spread of corruption. It was noted that administrative corruption was more prevalent in less democratic countries, and vice versa." One researcher also found corruption crimes to increase in large organizations. Another found that "moral responsibility for regulatory acts lies with the agents who carry out these acts, not with the organizational entity to which this act is attributed." An Arab study noted external environmental factors such as "inequitable distribution of wealth, a set of internal environmental factors such as salaries, incentives and leadership, as well as value factors ... in the commission of administrative corruption." The Dagher study found that younger employees (under 40 years) were "more responsible for administrative corruption offenses, that stealing money in kind was the largest segment of crimes, and that the professions that were more likely to be bribery were (accountant) and storekeeper, And that corruption usually lies in middle jobs and executive functions. "

In fact, if we try to analyze this information and the evidence that supports or influences the spread of administrative corruption, there are many reasons not found in that research, but we will try to shed light on some additional reasons for the phenomenon of administrative corruption in developing countries.

1- The difficulty of accessing information and the immunity of some institutions and bodies from accounting. Where in some developing countries there are institutions that are not subject to censorship and accountability. In such circumstances, the forms of corruption in these organizations proliferate. Governments bear the greatest responsibility in this case. "Big" officials take advantage of this "exceptional" situation for lack of surveillance, break management systems, or create systems to help them spend money, especially in fear of accountability.

2 - the sole rule of decision, which is the opposite of the democratic trend indicated by the study. The decision maker is the person who acts in the institution or body that is not subject to governmental or parliamentary oversight, especially in the absence of competent supervisory bodies.

3 - The large institutions, as indicated by the study, are more vulnerable to corruption crimes, where interests overlap and favoritism and names, and a middle layer arises between the decision maker and the executive authorities. This class deals with the corruption and its forms by exploiting the political, economic and social reality, where influential people impose their orders on the executive bodies of the institution or body to pass deals or tenders for a certain percentage! Experience has shown us this form of corruption in many major institutions, in which the class was formed.

4 - It is known that the society that lives destitute due to poor distribution of wealth and poor salaries and possibilities, as stated in the study, the owners of weak souls to commit crimes of corruption.

1. Vertical interventions in executive work are one of the most important causes of the spread of corruption crimes, as they happen to break the law. When junior staff feel that the law is being violated by senior officials, this entices them to practice the act, albeit under an administrative guise that avoids accountability.

2. We may disagree with the results of this study in terms of their classification of occupations in which corruption crimes are committed more than others, because these results are country-specific, with other countries refusing to respond to the survey questionnaire! Indeed, the cases of corruption crimes that we have seen in the Arab world have been through managers and above them. Not only are accountants or storekeepers who may be bribed sometimes; These are the results of the lack of transparency and democracy, and the restriction of media coverage of such issues. This prohibition also encourages and tempts weak people to practice corruption.

It is nice to hear that there is a Gulf state in the process of implementing a new law similar to the law "Where do you get this?" The new law is to limit the money and property of ministers and deputy ministers and their immediate relatives, before the appointment, and compare those funds with what they have after the dismissal or change the ministry. This undoubtedly increases state control over the actions of officials and always places them accountable.

The job is honest, and if one does not carry the trust, it becomes unfair to himself and others. We will not talk about the religious consequences of the traitor of the Secretariat, but the social and psychological consequences may be harsh. The spoiler is subject to criticism by society and even ostracism, and its children live a bitter reality with the spread of corruption in schools and universities.

We hope to activate the oversight role in the GCC and help governments protect public money. We also hope that there will be clear laws that expose corrupt and corrupt public money, whatever they may be, because tampering with the reality of society, any society, is in vain for the future of its generations, its wealth, its hopes and its aspirations.