# Taj Mahal (Hindi: ताज महल, Urdu: تاج محل) A royal tombs located in Agra, India. Mughal emperor Shahjahan built this wonderful mausoleum for his memoir, his wife Arjumand Banu Begum, who is known as Mumtaz Mahal. Construction of the building started in 1632, which was completed in about 1653 AD. Although there were many debates on the question of who made the structure of the monument, it was clear that a group of artists and artisans who had built a mausoleum were with Ustad Ahmed Lahiri, who is in the forefront of being the main designer of the Taj Mahal.

The Taj Mahal (sometimes called Taj only) is considered an attractive attraction of Mughal architecture, whose construction style combines Persia, Turkey, Indian and Islamic architecture. Although the white domed marble sultry royal mausoleum is well-liked, the Taj Mahal is actually a complex integral architecture as a whole. It was listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. One of the seventh wonders of the world is the Taj Mahal. [3] Then it was said

Start and motivation

Shahjahan, who built the Taj Mahal
In 1631, Shah Jahan, who was a prosperous emperor of the Mughal period. He was shocked at the death of his second wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Mumtaz Mahal, then, died after giving birth to his 14th daughter, Gauhar Begum [4].

Construction of the Taj Mahal begins after Mumtaz's death. The original tomb was completed in 1648 and the buildings and gardens around it were made more than five years later. French tourists Francis Berniene traveled to Agra in 1663

Effect

Taj Mahal has been built on various traditional designs, especially in Persia and Mughal architecture. Specific designs have been made exactly like the Timur and Mughal buildings. Among them, the Gur-e-Amir of Timur, the predecessor of the Mughal Empire in Samarkand, [6] the shrine of Humayun, the shrine of Imad-ud-Daulah (sometimes called the child Taj), and Shah Jahan's own Delhi Jami Mosque built in Delhi Under his patronage, the Mughal empire reaches a new level of revision. [7] While the former Mughal buildings were built in red belt, Shahjahan introduced the white-colored marble stones.

Garden

Taj Mahal
In front of the Taj Mahal, a large charbagh (Mughal garden was divided into four parts earlier) was made. The shares are divided into 16 flower gardens, using a high level of up to 300 meters X 300 meters gardens. There is a high marble stone water maze in the middle of the shrub and the middle part of the door and in the garden, there is a simple linear pond in the north and south, to reflect the Taj Mahal. There are also many other tree-like roads and fountains in the garden. [8]

Charbagh Garden was first made in India by the first Mughal Emperor Babur, which was designed like a garden in Persian. Charbagh means that the Garden of Paradise will be reflected. In the writings of the Mughal period, a Persian mortician described the garden of heaven as an ideal garden, which would be full in abundance. Water or water has played a major role in this description: In the text, there are four rivers formed from a mountain in the garden of heaven, and it has been separated in the north, south, east and west of the garden.

Walkway road on the side of linear pyramid
Almost all Mughal Charbagas are quadrangular, with a shrine in the middle of the garden. But the Taj Mahal is different from others because its shrine is located on one side of the garden rather than in the middle of the garden. The newly discovered Mahtab Bagh on the other side of the river Yamuna indicates other types of information, the river Yamuna was included in the garden design so that it would mean the river of the heavens.

The arrangement of the garden and its architectural features such as its fountain, brick or marble road, and the flower bed of the geometric brick line are similar to those of Salimar and the same engineer Ali Mardan has designed this sequence.

Later it is known that the garden of Gopan, Daphodil, various tree plants and other plants are very prevalent. With the rapid erosion of the Mughal Emperors, garden erosion also occurs. The British took responsibility for the maintenance of the Taj Mahal during the English rule, they changed the natural landscape and gave a new look to the formal garden in London.

Other buildings

The Taj Mahal is surrounded by three sides with walls like sandy bastions. There is no wall on the side of the river. There are more tomb outside this wall enclosure, among which are the tomb of other wives of Shahjahan and a big tomb of Mumtaz's favorite maid. These structures are mainly made of red sandy stones, to see the small size of the Mughal common tomb at that time.

In the interior (garden) walls are pillars and ceilings. Which was usually found in Hindu temples and later brought to the design of Mughal mosque. The walls are dotted with diverse dome-shaped structures, which can be seen in some places, which are used as watch basin. Which is currently being used as a museum. The main entrance or door of the Taj Mahal is made of marble stones. The design and style of the door reminds the architecture of the Mughal emperors. The arches of the arches are similar to the arches of the tomb and the pistach arch is compiled with the caligraphy or clerical design of the tomb. Its roof is designed to be similar to other sandy stone buildings, with beautiful geometric shapes.

Jawab's inner design
At the end of the courtyard there are two large buildings of the sandstone whose open part is open. The rear side is parallel to the east and west walls.

Taj Mahal Mosque
Just look at the two buildings, just like the reflection of another. The mosque on the eastern side is the mosque, the other is the jawab (north), whose main objective was to protect the balance (which was used to accommodate guests during the Mughal period). Jawab Separation is not just a hamburger and its floor is designed where the mosque floor 569 is used to cut the stain with black stone for the prayer.

The basic design of the mosque is similar to the other buildings built by Shahjahan, in particular his mosque-e-Jahannuma or Delhi Jami Mosque - a large house with three domes. The places of worship of mosques in Mughal period were divided into three parts. A small prayer place on both sides of the large prayer space. Each of the Taj Mahal has huge dome above the place of prayer, but the place is open.

Construction of the building was completed in 1643 AD

Foundation

At the root of the Taj Mahal is the white marbled tomb. Which is basically the Persian character like the other Mughal tomb, such as the symmetric building with iwan, a bow shaped door, and a large dome above. The tomb stands on a square bedrock. The foundation structure is huge and with few rooms. The memorial memorials of Mumtaz Mahal and Shahjahan have been installed in the main hall, their graves are one level below.

The foundation is in fact a corner of a broken cube, around 55 meters (see the floor plan). A big pistach in the long side, or a big bow shaped way, the Iwan's structure, with the same bow-shaped verandah above. This main arc shaped arcade has increased in front of the roof top of the building with the foreground. On the other side of the courtyard, the excess pistachas have moved backwards, this feature of the pistacha is used in the same way in the corner area. The design is completely symmetric and is the same on each side of the building. There are four monuments, each corner of the base, one minarer, facing the broken corner.

Dome

The top marble stone dome is the most attractive feature of the tomb. Its size is almost the size of the building's size, which is approximately 35 meters. Because of its height, the dome is placed above a 7 meter height cylinder-shaped drum.

Due to its shape, this dome is also called the dome or peacock dome. The top of the dome is arranged with a lotus, which glows more in its height. Above the dome, there is probably a copper or casket bar that has Persian and Hindu decorative ornaments.

The rows decorated on the dome
The importance of the big dome is due to its four small dome in its four corners. Just like the big dome to see the small domes. Their pillars went up from the ground floor to the roof. There are also old bars of copper or copper in small domes.

The long conical pinnacle or glaze is raised above the walls and appears at the height of the dome.

The lotus has small dome and Guldasta.

Pitch

On the big dome there is an old conical pinnacle like crown. The crown was made of gold before the 1800s, but now it is made of bronze. This peak is a fine example of the union of Persian and Hindu decorative elements. At the top of the top, there is a moon, which is the Islamic material, and the horns of the peak are made to heaven or heaven. The peak on the big dome and the horned horns form a traditional symbol, which is like the symbol of Hindu god Shiva.

Minarer

The bases of the minarets are in the corners - four big straps, each with a height of more than 40 meters. It is also noticed in the minarets that the Tajmahal counteractivity.

The patrols have been designed in the design of the mosque's traditional monument, where Mu'azzin offers Azan for prayers. Each monastery is divided into three equal elevations with two verandahs. At the top of the tower is the last verandah, above which the tomb of the tomb has a similar umbrella.

Minar umbrellas have also done similar work, such as the lotus design designation. Every minar is stacked out of the vicinity, so that the tower may never collapse on top of the original tomb.

Construction

Taj Mahal floor layout
The Taj Mahal was built on a land in the southern part of the walled city of Agra, owned by Maharaja Jay Shing. Shahjahan took the land instead of giving him a huge palace in the middle of Agra. [9] The construction of the Taj Mahal started from the foundation stone of the tomb. The excavation of about 3 acres of land is due to loose soil and to reduce river erosion. The entire area is equal to 50 meters high above the river bank. Taj Mahal 55 meters long The tomb itself is 18 meters in diameter and 24 meters in height.

The Taj Mahal is seen from Agra Fort
The well was dug after the water came to the tomb. Which was later filled with stones, which was the foundations of the tomb. [Another well was digged in the same depth to measure the level of water over time.]

Instead of the obstacle bamboo, the masons created the same brick scaffold inside and outside the tomb under the rule of their common scaffolding. The scaffold was so big and complex that it would take years to remove the workers. According to the precedent, Shahjahan had announced that anyone could carry bricks and farmers, day laborers and peasants removed the bark within one and a half.

A slope of fifteen kilometer was made for construction of marmalade stones and other accessories for construction. From the contemporary source, it is known that stones of stones were raised in a special type of carriage of 20 and 30 bulls together.

The crane was used to raise stones upright to the height. The donkey and the bull group would supply energy to the crane.

The order of the construction was done

Foundation
The tomb
Four minarets
Mosques and jawabs
Access door
It took about 12 years to build the foundation and tomb. The remaining parts of the whole area were more than 10 years to build. (As the area was built in several parts, the history historians mentioned the dates of the construction, such as the work of the tomb was completed in 1643, but the rest of the work was still going on.

Water circulation infrastructure
Water or water for the Taj Mahal was provided through a complex infrastructure. Water was removed from the river by a few fires- One way of pulling water through ropes and ballet is by the animal. The water was deposited in a large pond, which was given by 30 more ponds to the bottom of the Taj Mahal.

The water reached from the supply pond to three more helpers, which was attached to the palm in the Taj Mahal area. A .25 soil pipe is taken along the main path along the bottom of the soil of about 1.5 meters. Which completes the main square of the courtyard. Water was supplied to the Nala fountains on the north-south side with more copper pipes. Helpful more drains were excavated to irrigate the whole garden.

Shower pipe was not directly connected to the pipe. Instead, a copper pot was placed below each spring. The first vessels were filled in the water so that the pressure of equal water pressure can be applied in every spring.

The firms are no longer observers, but other parts of the infrastructure are still the same.

Artisans

The Taj Mahal is not designed by any person. There are many talented people in such a project.

Various names of those who took part in the construction of Taj Mahal from different sources were found.

Persian architect, Ustad Jesus; His name is found in many places in the special role of the courtyard design.
'Thick' of Benaras of Persia (Iran); In a Persian language writing (see ISBN 964-7483-39-2) he referred to him as a caretaker architect.
The big dome was designed by Ismail Khan from the Ottoman Empire, [10] which is considered to be the first designer of the hemisphere and one of the main dome makers of that era.
Kazim Khan, a resident of Lahore, who had a gold bar on the top of the big dome, he built it.
Chiranjilal, a stone carpenter who came from Delhi; Was taken as the main sculptor and photographer.
Amaranth Khan of Persia (Siraj, Iran), who has been carved by the name of the main character (his name is confirmed at the door of the entrance of the Taj Mahal)
Mohammad Hanif was the caretaker of the masons.
Mir Abdul Karim and Mukkimat Khan from Siraj, Iran, who would manage the management and financial aspects.
Goods and components
The Taj Mahal has been created with various components made from Asia and India. During the construction work, more than 1,000 elephants were used to carry the building materials. Light-flavored opaque white marble stones were brought from Rajasthan, Yashwesh-red, yellow or brown medium-quality stones have been brought from Punjab. China was brought from Yashm - solid, accomplished, green stone, crystal pieces. Tibet was made from blue green-blue (turquoise) gem and sapphire from Afghanistan. Blue-brilliant blue gems came from Sri Lanka and precious stones, jewels or white stones came from Arab. The precious stones of the Atash are placed on white marble stones.

Cost

It is difficult to estimate the cost of construction at that time and there is a slight variation in the cost of construction of the Taj Mahal due to some problems. The construction of Taj Mahal is estimated to cost an estimated 32 million rupees. [11] But the cost of workers, the time taken for the construction and the price of a different economic era are worth a lot, it is called priceless.

History

Without the construction of the Taj Mahal, it is not until the end of Shah Jahan by his son Aurangzeb

Tourism center

Taj Mahal has attracted many tourists since the construction. Even the small town Taj Ganji or Mumtazabad, on the southern side of the Taj Mahal, was originally built to make tourists and gardens for tourists so that tourists and artisans' needs are met.

At present, there are 2 to 3 million tourists in the Taj Mahal, out of which 200,000 tourists are foreign, which is India's most popular tourist center. Most tourists arrive in the cold season in October, November and February. Air pollution vehicles are prohibited from coming to the Taj Mahal. Therefore, tourists have to walk to the Taj Mahal on foot from footpath or on the buses. Khwaspuras have been re-established for tourists. [13] [14]

Currently, the expenditure on Taj philosophy is only 40 rupees for Indians. For the tourists of SAARC, Taj's entry value of 530 rupees And for the rest of the world it is 1000 rupees. [15]

For the visit of the Taj Mahal from December 25, 2014, the online ticketing system for tourists is being organized by ORKIOLOGYCIL all over India.