Step-down transformer from 220 to 12 volts : easy to make DIY

Transformer is a device that is a core with two windings. They should have the same number of turns, and the core itself is recruited from electrical steel. At the input of the device voltage is applied, an electromotive force appears in the winding, which creates a magnetic field. Through this field, coil turns of one of the coils, so that the force of self-induction occurs. In the other, there is a voltage that differs from the primary one by as many times as the number of turns of both windings differs.

The principle of operation :

The effect of the transformer is as follows:

• The current passes through the primary coil, which creates a magnetic field.
• All lines of force close to the conductors of the coil. Some of these lines of force are closed near the conductors of the other coil. It turns out that both are connected by means of magnetic lines.
• The farther away the windings are from each other, the less magnetic a magnetic coupling arises between them, since a smaller number of lines of force first clings to the lines of force of the second. * *
• Through the first passes an alternating current (which varies in time and according to a certain law), hence, the magnetic field that is created will also be variable, that is, vary in time and according to law. * * Due to a change in current in the first, a magnetic flux enters both coils, which changes the magnitude and direction. There is an induction of the variable electromotive force. This is stated in the law of electromagnetic induction.
• If the ends of the second are connected to the power receivers, a current will appear in the chain of receivers. The first of the generator will receive energy that is equal to the energy given to the second chain. Energy is transmitted through a variable magnetic flux.

A step-down transformer is needed to convert electricity, namely to reduce its performance so that combustion of electrical equipment can be prevented.

The order of assembly and connection

Although this device seems at first glance to be a complex device, it can be assembled on its own. For this it is necessary to perform the following steps:

1. First, the characteristics and number of turns on the device windings are calculated. In this case, the voltage of the primary network is 220 V, and it is planned to receive 12 V with the device, with a cross-sectional area of ​​6 square centimeters, then a formula is compiled with such calculations: the constant value of the average transformer iron is 60, it should be divided into area. It turns out 10 - this is the number of turns that are per one Volt. The resulting number is multiplied by 220 - this is the number of turns of the primary winding. The number of turns of the second must be calculated on the same principle: the 10 turns obtained are multiplied by 12 V.

2. The core can be made from tin cans, for this purpose it is necessary to cut strips up to 30 cm long, 2 cm wide. These blanks are fired in a furnace on fire, after that they cool down and the surface needs to be scraped off the scale. Cover with varnish and paste on one side of a strip of paper. It is also necessary to prepare a paper-insulated wire with a cross section of 0.3 mm. The secondary winding will be carried out by a wire with a section of 1 mm.

3. From a thick cardboard to execute a basis for the coil. On it rewind the paraffin paper and after that you can start winding the wire. After each two rows, it is necessary to lay a layer of this paper.

1. The secondary winding winds in the same direction as the first. In the finished coil, you need to insert iron strips, they must enter half their length. These strips fit the base, and the ends are connected below. Near the core and the frame a small distance is left.

2. The base for the lowering device is better made from a regular board with a thickness of up to 50 mm. Fasten details better with large metal staples. This should be done so that the brackets go around the bottom of the core.

3. The last step ends of the windings are output to the frame and fixed to the contacts.

Example of a connection scheme for a step-down transformer 220 to 12 V:

To make it easier to reel the coils (in factories use special equipment for this), you can use two wooden racks fixed on the board, and an axle of metal, threaded between the holes in the racks. At one end, the metal rod should bend in the form of a handle.

Conclusion:

• A transformer is a device with a core and two coils-windings. At the entrance of the device is supplied with electricity, which is reduced to the required parameters.
• The principle of operation of the step-down transformer is to create an electromotive force that creates a magnetic field. The turns of one of the coils pass through this field, and the force of self-induction appears. The current changes, its magnitude and direction change. The energy is supplied by means of an alternating magnetic field.
• Such a device is needed for energy conversion, which prevents the combustion of electrical equipment and its failure.
• The order of assembly of such a device is very simple. First you need to make some calculations and you can start working. In order to quickly and easily wind the coils, you need to make a simple adaptation of the board, racks and handles.

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