When you think of mathematics you think of equations and numbers. That's a good picture of mathematics already. The fundamental objects in mathematics are numbers so it is natural to begin with numbers.

It has been said that, “God invented the integers, all else is the work of Man.”

Integers should actually be whole numbers. They are a natural constructs – they are the numbers we use to count. 1 sheep , 2 sheep, 3 sheep, 20 cherries ..

The mathematicians started with whole numbers. It is a set of natural numbers.

Wait, what is a set?

A set is a list of objects or elements. We have a set of cards, a set of books, a set of things we love, a set of things we hate, and we have a set of friends. Some sets have finite number of objects in it, other sets have infinite number of things - so we satisfy ourselves by listing enough of the elements until the pattern become clear and write dot dot dot.

Think of it this way – mathematicians are normally lazy and so they write stuff in short notations. These notations are formalized to avoid confusion with other mathematicians.

As I start elucidating some mathematical nuggets, you’ll realize that mathematics is just basic human language converted into quantifiable notations.

What is meant by the “all else” that humankind is responsible for?

Let’s look at the different types of “number” that exist in the mathematical universe:

Respectively: the naturals, the integers, the rationals, the reals, and the complex numbers.
It obvious where the N, R, and C comes from if you are an English speaker. The Z and Q are questionable. The Z comes from the German word zahlen which means “to count”. The rational number is denoted using Q for “quotients”, as you will see later.

Description of each set:

• Integer Numbers – the set of natural numbers with negative of naturals and zero
  
  
  
• Rationals Numbers - a set of fraction built out of integers
  
  
  

You might not be familiar with the bar after the fraction but it’s actually simple. We will digress a little bit to introduce set builders. It reads as,

Okay, now we read it again,

“The rational numbers is defined to be the set of all fraction of the form a/b such that a is an element of the integers (Z) and b is an element of the integers (Z) and b is not zero.”

There you have it; you can now parse mathematical equations into its equivalent English translation. Mathematical notations represent a huge improvement with regards to brevity.

that escalated quickly

Forget that Standard Model equation for now. Let’s continue with our sets of numbers …

• Real Numbers: the actual definition of real number is extremely difficult, but an intuitive description, a real number is a number that measures a physical quantity.

In some textbook, it is defined to be the union of rational and irrational numbers. We’ve encountered rational number, but irrational – what is this beast?

Irrational numbers are numbers that can never be expressed as a fraction a/b where a and b is of integers. Pi is the best example of this irrational number.

• Complex Numbers – is define to be of the form

Let’s parse it again in English translation.

Sometimes complex numbers are denoted with Greek or Roman letters.

We introduce some operations to extract the real and imaginary parts of z.

Conclusion:

In summary, you can picture mathematics as a theater play with different actors being N, Z, C, Q, and R. Each has its role each has its own skills and somehow they are interrelated to each other.

Natural numbers are contained in integer, an integer is contained in rational numbers, and rational numbers are contained in real numbers, and all real numbers are contained in complex numbers. Refer to the image below for visualization.