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RE: How are traits inherited across generations?
Actually Mendel was rather lucky (respectively chose his research objects very thoroughly) to be able to observe monogenic traits (as opposed to polygenic traits) which depend only on one single gen (and it's different alleles; here one should add that for many genes do exist more than two possible alleles) only.
Therefore for example he hadn't to include the consequences of genetic linkage (plus possible crossing over) in his calculations (and even when he considered two monogenic traits at the same time the responsible genes were not linked ...).
True. I explored some of Mendel's "lucky strikes" here.
I totally agree that Mendel did not solve everything that has to do with genes and trait inheritance. But he laid a solid foundation for other scientists to either confirm or disprove. There are several exceptions to law of segregation and independent assortment of genes, but both laws form the basis for the exceptions, how ironical!