【Vickyの杭州印象】中国扇博物馆 China Fan Museum#2
Hi, steemit friends!❤️
There's a poem says：Among all the sights in Jiangnan, Hangzhou left the deepest impression on me. I am very proud of being a localite, and I'm eagerly want to introduce this city which combines beauty and history to you. This is a new column which focuses on the introduction of Hangzhou, and I sincerely hope that you‘ll like it😊
故事有云：江南忆，最忆是杭州。身为杭州人，我感到很自豪并且非常想要把这座美景与历史并存的城市介绍给大家。这是我开设的以此为主题的专栏，希望大家喜欢🎉
The History of Fan
The long-handled fan is not used by those who own it, but by the servants to serve their masters. The most important function is to prevent the dust and sunshine from their owners. As a result, it is also called "Palm Fan", and became the tool of covering the face when the dignitaries went out. As the long-handled fan mainly served the upper class, it gradually developed into a kind of instrument to show the nobility and imperial dignity.
The feather fan is made of birds feathers such as peacocks, cranes, vultures, geese and pheasants. It is not only used for cooling, decoration and dance, but also a display of ancient Chinese court etiquette.
Most Chinese feather fans are woven from 3 to 4 goose feathers, in the shape of peach. Some of the fan have the wooden handle, and some makers will split the goose feathers into strips, then woven them into patterns such as old coins. The feather fan is light and able to produce gentle wind. Peacock green feather fan with ivory as the fan bone, peacock feathers weave as the fan face. It is so colorful that usually used as the props during the dance performance.
By the Han Dynasty, a profound change that has great influence for the later generations was that the fan's shaft began to move from side to the middle. Gradually, the fan shaft became the central axis, and bamboo is the frame. Meanwhile, the flat fan is symmetrical, shaped like a full moon. When people use silk as a fan, they call it the "Wan Fan". Since it is mostly round, it is also called "He Huan Fan" or "Round Fan".
After the appearance of the symmetrical flat fan, it became the type of the traditional Chinese style, which prevailed for over one thousand years from the Western Han Dynasty to the Song Dynasty. After the Song Dynasty, the round fan shared the flourishing age with folding fan. They were deeply loved by women and refined scholars. People usually call all kinds of flat fans as the round fan, and the Chinese fan has entered the round fan era.
There are different views on the origin of folding fan in academic circles. Some of them believed that the folding fan was invented in China. The other scholars also pointed out that folding fan was first invented in Japan and introduced into China in the early Northern Song Dynasty.
In the Yuan Dynasty, the round fan declined. At the meantime, the folding fan gradually popular with people, for it is easy to convert and carry. In the 12th year of Ming Dynasty's Emperor Yongle, the folding fan gradually replaced the round fan into the mainstream fan because of the royal advocacy.
Ming emperor Zhu Di appreciated the convenience of folding fans, so he asked craftsmen to create various styles of folding fans. The market was in short supply because of the emperor's preference. The government encouraged the development of folding fan manufacturing, which brought the folding fan into a sustained period of promotion.
The fan bone of folding fan is mostly made of bamboo. While, it also use the precious material such as mahogany, sandalwood or ivory. Folding fan is not only practical, but also a kind of artwork. The fan bone can be carved calligraphy and painting for people to appreciate. It can be even more precious, if it is made by a famous person. There always have paintings on the fan. Fan painting occupies a certain position among the Chinese ancient painting.
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Chinese Version
扇的发展历史
长柄扇并不是持扇者自用，而是奴婢仆从侍奉主人的工具。最重要的功能是障蔽尘日，故又称之为“掌扇”或“障扇”，成为权贵们出行时“障面”的工具。由于长柄大扇主要服务于上层，后来逐渐发展成为一种显示贵族和帝王威仪的仪仗器物。
羽扇以孔雀、鹤、雕、鹅、雉等鸟禽类羽毛编织成扇面，再加扇柄而成。它不仅为纳凉、装饰、舞蹈所用，也是中国古代宫廷礼仪的陈列品。
中国羽扇大多以3～4支鹅羽编织而成，呈上尖下圆的桃形，在扇面中央饰以五色绫缎剪镂或彩色丝线绣成的寿桃等图案。扇柄有的为木柄，有的将鹅羽管劈削成篾丝，编织成古钱等图案作为翎管柄。羽扇质轻，出风柔和。孔雀翠羽扇以象牙为扇骨，孔雀羽毛编织为扇面，色彩富丽，也是舞蹈的道具。
到汉代，一个对后世具有深远影响的变化是，偏在一侧的扇柄开始移到中间，成为以扇柄为中轴，竹木为架，左右对称，形似圆月的平扇。当人们用丝绸作扇面时，称“纨扇”，由于它多为圆形，也称“合欢扇”或“团扇”。
对称式平扇出现后，成为中国传统风格的扇型，盛行于西汉至宋代的一千多年间，宋代以后又与折扇并驾齐驱，深受嫔妃仕女、文人雅士的喜爱。人们通常将各类平扇统称为团扇。中国扇进入团扇时代。
关于折扇的起源，学术界有不同的看法。有人认为，折扇是在中国发明的。也有一些学者指出，折扇首先在日本发明，北宋初年传入中国。到了元代，团扇式微，折扇以其易于折合，携带方便，逐渐受到人们欢迎。明永乐年间由于皇室倡导，折扇逐渐取代团扇成为扇子主流。
明成祖朱棣十分欣赏折扇的舒展自如，携带方便的特色，于是让工匠设计制作出款式繁多的折扇。由于皇帝的喜好，造成市场供不应求。朝廷鼓励折扇行业的发展，折扇进入了一个持续的推广时期。
折扇的扇骨多为竹制，也有用红木、檀香木或象牙等珍贵材料制作的。 折扇不仅实用而且是一种艺术品。扇骨上可以刻书画，供人欣赏。若为名家制作，更为珍贵。扇面上往往有画，我国的古代图画中，扇面画占有一定的地位。扇面也常有书法家的笔墨，常常是一个画家作画，一个诗人作诗。
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