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Sorry, forgot the other questions. Composer is the same as npm for nodejs or apt for debian linux.
Its the package manager for PHP. (https://getcomposer.org/)

if you have installed the webserver and php, the install script will detect it and install the rest :-) i hope i have time tmr and i can write a little tutorial ;-)

You can use every Webserver what you want. If you use a Desktop PC you can use Apache. For an older PC or a little creditcard computer like rpi or opi i recommend lighttp or nginx.

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