From the Chapter 14, Bhagavad-gita As It Is, by A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada.   

All embodies souls are under the control of the three modes, or qualities, of material nature: goodness, passion, and ignorance. Lord Krishna explains what these modes are, how they act upon us, how one transcends them, and the symptoms of one who has attained the transcendental state.   

The Supreme Personality of Godhead Krishna said:  

Again  I shall declare to you this supreme wisdom, the best of all knowledge, knowing which all the sages have attained the supreme perfection. By becoming fixed in this knowledge, one can attain to the transcendental nature like My own. Thus established, one is not born at the time of creation or disturbed at the time of dissolution. 

The total material substance, called Brahman, is the source of birth, and it is that Brahman that I impregnate, making possible the births of all living beings. It should be understood that all species of life, are made possible by birth in this material nature, and that I am the seed-giving father.

Material nature consists of three modes – goodness, passion and ignorance. When the eternal living entity comes in contact with nature, he becomes conditioned by these modes. The mode of goodness, being purer than the others, is illuminating, and it frees one from all sinful reactions. Those situated in that mode become conditioned by a sense of happiness and knowledge.

The mode of passion is born of unlimited desires and longings, and because of this the embodied living entity is bound to material fruitive actions. …   Know that the mode of darkness, born of ignorance, is the delusion of all embodied living entities. The results of this mode are madness, indolence and sleep, which bind the conditioned soul.

The mode of goodness conditions one to happiness; passion conditions one to fruitive action; and ignorance, covering one’s knowledge, binds one to madness. Sometimes the mode of goodness becomes prominent, defeating the modes of passion and ignorance. Sometimes the mode of passion defeats goodness and ignorance, and at other times ignorance defeats goodness and passion. In this way there is always competition for supremacy.

The manifestation of the mode of goodness can be experienced when all the gates of the body are illuminated by knowledge. When there is an increase in the mode of passion the symptoms of great attachment, fruitive activity, intense endeavor, and uncontrollable desire and hankering develop. When there is an increase in the mode of ignorance, darkness, lethargy, madness and illusion are manifested.

When one dies in the mode of goodness, he attains to the pure higher planets of the great sages. When one dies in the mode of passion, he takes birth among those engaged in fruitive activities; and when one dies in the mode of ignorance, he takes birth in the animal kingdom.

The result of pious action is pure and is said to be in the mode of goodness. But action done in the mode of passion results in misery, and action performed in the mode of ignorance results in foolishness. From the mode of goodness, real knowledge develops; from the mode of passion, greed develops; and from the mode of ignorance develop foolishness, madness and illusion. Those situated in the mode of goodness gradually go upward to the higher planets; those in the mode of passion live on the earthly planets; and those in the abominable mode of ignorance go down to the hellish worlds

When one properly sees that in all activities no other performer is at work than these modes of nature and he knows the Supreme Lord, who is transcendental to all these modes, he attains My spiritual nature. When the embodied being is able to transcend these three modes associated with the material body, he can become free from birth, death, old age and their distresses and can enjoy nectar even in this life. 

Arjuna inquired: 

 O my dear Lord, by which symptoms is one known who is transcendental to these three modes? What is his behavior? And how does he transcend the modes of nature?

The Supreme Personality of Godhead Krishna said:

He who does not hate illumination, attachment and delusion when they are present or long for them when they disappear; who is unwavering and undisturbed through all these reactions of the material qualities, remaining neutral and transcendental, knowing that the modes alone are active; who is situated in the self and regards alike happiness and distress; who looks upon a lump of earth, a stone and a piece of gold with an equal eye; who is equal toward the desirable and the undesirable; who is steady, situated equally well in praise and blame, honor and dishonor; who treats alike both friend and enemy; and who has renounced all material activities – such a person is said to have transcended the modes of nature. 

 One who engages in Bhakti, full devotional service, unfailing in all circumstances, at once transcends the modes of material nature and thus comes to the level of Brahman.  And I am the basis of the impersonal Brahman, which is immortal, imperishable and eternal and is the constitutional position of ultimate happiness.   

COMMENTARY:   

Krishna, in the first verse uses the word bhuyah, “again,” to indicate that He will repeat the knowledge He mentioned in Bg. 13.22.  How is this knowledge “the best of all”?  Srila Baladeva Vidyabhusana explains Krishna’s words:  “Again I will speak a kind of knowledge different from what I have spoken so far. It deals specifically with the modes of nature. It is the best of all kinds of knowledge about the prakri, nature, and the jiva, soul,  and it resembles a distillation of yogurt from milk. Realizing this knowledge and meditating upon it thoughtfully, all great sages attained, in this very world, correct perception of the Supreme Soul.” …   In the purport to the first verse Srila Prabhupada introduces the subjects of this chapter and links them to Chapter Thirteen:  

“From the Seventh Chapter to the end of the Twelfth Chapter, Sri Krishna in detail reveals the Absolute Truth, the Supreme Personality of Godhead. Now, the Lord Himself is further enlightening Arjuna. If one understands this chapter through the process of philosophical speculation, he will come to an understanding of devotional service. In the Thirteenth Chapter, it was clearly explained that by humbly developing knowledge one may possibly be freed from material entanglement. It has also been explained that it is due to association with the modes of nature that the living entity is entangled in this material world. Now, in this chapter, the Supreme Personality explains what those modes of nature are, how they act, how they bind and how they give liberation. The knowledge explained in this chapter is proclaimed by the Supreme Lord to be superior to the knowledge given so far in other chapters. By understanding this knowledge, various great sages attained perfection and transferred to the spiritual world.” The proper use of intelligence is to understand scriptural truths. Usually, Srila Prabhupada decries philosophical speculation because it is generally used as a process that attempts to uncover the Absolute Truth by one’s limited intellectual strength. In his purport, however, Srila Prabhupada invites readers to engage in philosophical speculation. Here, philosophical speculation refers to hearing from bona fide sources and then using one’s intelligence to understand what has been heard. "I     

 

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