Candida Albican (Dangerous HUMAN fungal Patogen)

Abstract
Candida albicans is the best studied and most prevalent of the human fungal pathogens. The etiologic agent is Candida albicans or occasionally another species of candida. Candida species are fungi that grow as yeasts and that are ‘imperfect’, meaning they apparently lack a complete sexual cycle.It is unicellular fungus (or form of yeast) .These fungus are frequently found as saprophytes in the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and vaginal area.In addition, there are many types of yeast which affect different parts of the body, in both women and men. In this review article we mention about the symptoms and treatment of this disease which caused by candida albicans.
Introduction
Candida Albican is kind of yeast infection. Many candida yeast normally found normally reside in the intestinal tract and can be found on mucous membranes and skin without causing infection.
and it is natural member of flora.For instance, candida albican sample is found in the normal flora of our intestines.It lives with the bacteria that are useful to use in our intestines. Some vitamins such as A, D, E, K are produced by these bacteria in the intestines.However,when candida albican entered the host ,it tend to multiply (spore production). There are several reasons for the emergence of Candidate. . The leading cause is overuse of antibiotics, Steroids and some cancer medications, obesity and pregnancy is encourage the yeast.Like all the other diseases Candidiasis have also symptoms and treatments.

Main body

Candida species produce infections that range from non-life-threatening mucocutaneous illnesses that may involve virtually any organ. Such a broad range of infections requires an equally broad range of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. There are the eleven of the most common Candida symptoms.

Symptoms
Chronic Fatigue, Candida albicans can affect your energy levels.When the antibotics, destroys the intestinal flora Foods can pass through your gut without being properly broken down, and you lose the opportunity to absorb the nutrients they contain. Over time, this can lead to fatigue as your body simply doesn’t get the energy that you need. In a healthy individual, the small amounts of acetaldehyde produced by Candida are easily processed by the liver. In a person with a Candida overgrowth, acetaldehyde production is increased. The liver becomes overworked as it struggles to process larger amounts of acetaldehyde. This build-up of acetaldehyde and other toxins can slow down various processes in your body. When the energy level is low, hormones also drop.Brain Fog, this symptom also caused by acetaldehyde. If your head is permanently ‘foggy’, you struggle to stay focused, and you are more forgetful than you used to be, acetaldehyde could be to blame. Acetaldehyde is also caused deficiency in vitamin B1 and deficiency in vitamin B1. Digestive issues, because of candida albicans small and large intestine are not work well and it caused diarrhea, constipation, gas, bloating, cramps, nausea, and many other gut-related symptoms. Candida is, after all, a gut-related condition. The changes in your digestive tract are what ultimately leads to all of the other symptoms.

Recurring Yeast Infections, the most obvious sign of an intestinal Candida overgrowth. Even if you clear up the localized yeast infection, Candida albicans has the ability to grow and spread to different areas around your body. So even though your vaginal infection might have disappeared, the same area may continue to be reinfected until you eliminate your Candida overgrowth.Oral Thrush is very common. A small amount of this fungus normally lives in your mouth without causing harm. However, when the fungus begins to grow uncontrollably, an infection can develop in your mouth. Oral thrush most often occurs in infants and toddlers. It causes white bumps to form on the inner cheeks and tongue. These growths usually go away once treatment is received.Sinus infections, in short term sinus infections are mostly caused by bacteria, many of the longer term, chronic sinus infections may in fact be fungal infections.Sinus infection treatment is antibiotics and antibiotics can kill off many of the good bacteria and allow the fungal infection to spread. Food sensitivity, known as Leaky Gut Syndrome. This condition is caused when the fungal Candida grows long branches (hyphae) that penetrate the walls of your intestines. If left unchecked, this results in a highly permeable intestinal membrane which allows food particles and metabolites to escape the intestinal lumen and enter the bloodstream behind the wall via the blood vessels.Food particles and bacteria identified as foreign substances by immune system and it reacts escaped food particles can potentially lead to food sensitivities. Fungal infections on the Skin and nails, there are protector bacteria on the skin called skin flora or skin microbiota.In some conditions skin environment is change and allow candida to overwhelm the local flora. This can result in fungal nail infections and skin rashes.A weak immune system, it is happen in three ways An imbalanced gut flora, Without the correct balance of microorganisms in your gut flora, your immune system can be significantly weakened. Leaky Gut Syndrome The inflammation and food sensitivities that it causes put pressure on your overloaded immune system. Adrenal Fatigue / HPA Axis dysfunction.Adrenal Fatigue / HPA Axis dysfunction is candida can overwork your adrenals and HPA Axis.Joint pain, Uric acid is another toxic byproduct of Candida. If it builds up to sufficient levels, uric acid can lead to gout, a form of arthritis associated with pain, stiffness, and swelling in your joints. Longer term, high levels of uric acid can do damage to your tendons and joints. Low mood, all the symptoms we mention before is a big affect in mood. An intestinal Candida overgrowth can suppress production of serotonin one of the neurotransmitters that boosts your mood. Most serotonin is produced in the gut, so a major gut problem is likely to throw this production out of balance.Dopamine is another neurotransmitter that affects your mood, and low dopamine levels are strongly associated with depression. Acid reflux, acne, allergies, asthma, bleeding gums,bloating, body odor,the constipation,cracked tongue,cravings for sugary snacks, crying spells, diarrhea, dizziness, flatulence, flu-like symptoms, fungal skin rash,halitosis, inability to focus,Inability to lose weight, the indigestion, insomnia, irritability, itchy anus, itchy eyes, low libido, mucus in stool, muscle aches and stiffness, nausea, panic attacks, persistent extreme fatigue, poor coordination, poor memory, psoriasis, sensitivities to fragrances and chemicals, sensitivity to light, stomach cramps, water retention.If you are observing most of the unrelated symptoms in yourself, Candida albicans might be to blame.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of candida albicans, first your doctor ask about your medical history, including diabetes, cancer, HIV, and other chronic illnesses. He or she also will ask about your diet and about your recent use of antibiotics or medications that can suppress the immune system. Because some of the diseases and medication are encourage the candidiasis. If your doctor suspects cutaneous candidiasis, he or she may ask how you care for your skin and about conditions that expose your skin to excessive moisture, such as using rubber gloves. Because in candidiasis one of the most common symptom is fungal infection on skin and nail. Often, your doctor can diagnose oral thrush, cutaneous candidiasis, or vaginal yeast infection by a simple physical examination. However, if the diagnosis is uncertain, your doctor may scrape the surface to obtain cells to examine under a microscope or may culture a skin sample to identify fungus (yeast). A culture is especially helpful if you have a yeast infection that returns after treatment. In this case, the culture can help identify whether the yeast is resistant to usual antibiotic treatments. If your doctor suspects that you have an undiagnosed medical illness that increases your risk of candidiasis such as diabetes, cancer or HIV blood tests or other procedures may be necessary. To diagnose Candida esophagitis, your doctor will examine your esophagus with an endoscope, a flexible instrument that is inserted into your throat and allows your doctor look at the area directly. During this examination, called endoscopy, your doctor will take a sample of tissue from your esophagus to be examined in a laboratory. To diagnose deep candidiasis, your doctor will draw a sample of blood to be checked in a laboratory for the growth of Candida fungi or other infectious agents.
Treatment
Treatment of candidiasis varies, it is depending on the area where is affected. For example thrush doctors treat thrush with topical, antifungal medications such as nystatin (Mycostatin and others) and clotrimazole. For mild cases, a liquid version of nystatin can be swished in the mouth and swallowed, or a clotrimazole lozenge can be dissolved in the mouth. For more severe cases, fluconazole (Diflucan) can be taken once a day by mouth. Esophagitis Candida esophagitis is treated with an oral anti-fungal drug such as fluconazole. Cutaneous candidiasis, this skin infection can be effectively treated with a variety of antifungal powders and creams. The affected area must be kept clean and dry and protected from chafing. Vaginal yeast infections, it can be treated with antifungal medications that are applied directly into the vagina as tablets, creams, ointments or suppositories. These include butoconazole (Femstat), clotrimazole (Gyne-Lotrimin), miconazole (Monistat, Vagistat and others), nystatin (Mycostatin and others), and tioconazole (Monistat-1, Vagistat-1). A single dose of oral fluconazole can be used. Sex partners usually do not need to be treated. Deep candidiasis,this infection usually starts with an intravenous anti-fungal drug, such as voriconazole or fluconazole. People with very low white blood cell counts may need an alternative intravenous anti-fungal drug, such as caspofungin or micafungin.

Prevention of candida albicans biofilm by plant oil
Biofilm formation is often considered to be the underlying reason why treatment with an antimicrobial agent fails and as an estimated 65-80% of all infections is thought to be biofilm-related, this presents a serious challenge. Considerable attention has been devoted to the development of modified materials that prevent (or at least drastically reduce) microbial biofilm formation.In candida albicans disease plant oil is used to prevent the candida albican biofilm.The inhibitory effect of 30 plant oils was evaluated against biofilm forming Candida albicans strain (CA I) isolated from clinical samples, which was sensitive to 4 µg/ml of fluconazole, used as a positive control. The standard strain (MTCC 227, CA II) used in this study was found to be highly resistant to fluconazole, 3,000 µg/ml of which was required to inhibit the growth of this strain partially, and complete inhibition could not be achieved. Eighteen among the 30 plant oils tested were found to show anti-Candida activity by disc diffusion assay. Effective plant oils were assessed using XTT (2, 3-bis [2-Methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulphophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) reduction assay for biofilm quantification. Four oils eucalyptus, peppermint, ginger grass and clove showed 80.87%, 74.16%, 40.46% and 28.57% biofilm reduction respectively. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were calculated using agar dilution assay. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis further revealed reduction in C. albicans biofilm in response to effective oils. The substantial antifungal activity shown by these plant oils suggests their potential against infections caused by C. albicans.

Conclusion

In yhis review paper we are given a general information about candida albicans. The polymorphic fungus Candida albicans is a member of the normal human microbiome. In most individuals, C. albicans resides as a lifelong, harmless commensal. Under certain circumstances, however, C. albicans can cause infections.Like all the other disease candidiasis has a own symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and preventation techniques.

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