Horizontal Gene Transfer(HGT) and DNA restructure

According to theory of evolution and genetics, ekaryote's heredity is giving gene to heir accept prokaryote(such as virus) and protist(such as bacteria).

However, according to recent research, there were asexual transfer of gene and will be in all biota. That is occured by Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT).

Gene transfer can be divided into two categories. One is the HGT and the other is the Vertical Gene Transfer (VGT). VGT means gene tansfer from father to offspring by sexual or asexual reproduction. And HGT means gene transfer from one species to another by nonsexual reproduction.

Image from BIONEWS (https://www.bio.purdue.edu/bionews/?p=1874)

Usually HGT occurs in prokaryote and protist and can be devided

1. Transformation
2. Transduction
3. Conjungation

image from Nature (http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v4/n1/fig_tab/nrmicro1325_F2.html)

likes above picture

• Transformation is change of DNA makeup by the inflow of gene from outside.
• Transduction is change of DNA makeup by the intoroduction of gene by bacterio phage virus.
• Conjugation is change of DNA makeup by gene sharing when monads like bacteria cunnect each other.

Scientists considered HGT deos not happen in complicate organisms like animals and plants up to recently. However, they discovered so many cases about parasitic plants which extract nutrient and gene from host plants to reconstitute their own DNA makeup for surviving.

Image from Nature (http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v16/n8/fig_tab/nrg3962_F5.html)

Horizontal lines from this taxonomy chart indicate HGT. You can figure out gene of bacteria and archaea get inside of other biota.

According to recent research, about 8% of human DNA originated from bacteria or virus. Human's DNA is not purely passed down from human's ancient ancestors. (Bacteria and virus can be the ancestor of human.)

Mankind already has developed drugs or new substances from useful creatures like penicillin. Also we have developed anti parasitic crops(GMO) by researching parasitic plants's HGT. Moreover, If HGT can be studied persistently, humanity will create GMO humans, e.g. Spiderman or Hulk.
Maybe someday....

By @starbrush

more information
about parasitic plants : https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/10/161024170709.htm
about HGT in human : http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/03/humans-may-harbor-more-100-genes-other-organisms