WHY WE CAN'T DO WITHOUT THE SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR SYSTEM

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The bones of the skeleton provide the frame work for the body. Movement is achieve when the muscle, lying between the skin and the bones, contract and move them at the joints.

The central part of the skeleton is describe as the axial skeleton. The bones of the limbs and those which attach them to the axis make up the appendicular skeleton.

The axial skeleton consist of :
🏅skull

🏅Vertebral column

🏅Sternum or breast bone

🏅Ribs

The appendicular skeleton consists of :
🏅the bones of the upper limbs, the two clavicles and the two scapulae

🏅The bones of the lower limbs and the two in nominate bones of the pelvis.

THE AXIAL SKELETON
🌘THE SKULL

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FUNCTIONS
The various parts of the skull have specific and different functions :

(1).The cranium protects the delicate tissues of the brain

(2) The bony eye sockets provide the eyes with some protection against injury and give attachments to the muscles which move the eye.

(3) The temporal bone protects the delicate structures of the ear.

(4) Some bones of the face and the base of the skull give resonance to the voice because they have cavities called sinuses , containing air. The sinuses have tiny opening into the nose.

(5) The bones of the form from the wall of the posterior part of the nasal cavities. They keep the air passage open, facilitating breathing.

🌘VERTEBRAL COLUMN

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FUNCTIONS
The vertebral column has several important functions:
(1) It protects the spinal cord

(2) Adjacent vertebrae form opening through which spinal nerves pass from the spinal cord to all parts of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

(3) In the thoracic region the ribs articulate with the vertebrae foeming joints which move during respiration.

🌘THORACIC CAGE

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FUNCTIONS
(1) To protects the thoracic region. The body frame work protects the heart, lungs, large blood vessels and the other structures.

(2) To form joints between the upper limb and the axial skeleton. The upper part of the sternum, the manubrium, articulate with the clavivles forming the only joints between the upper limb and the axial skeleton.

(3) To give attachment to the muscle of respiration;

(a) Intercostal muscles occupy the spaces between the ribs and when they contract the ribs move upwards and outwards, increasing the capacity of the thoracic cage, and inspiration.

(b) The diaphragm is a dome shaped muscle which seperate the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It is attached to the bones of the thoracic and when it contracts it assists with inspiration. Structures which from the cavity to the other pass through the diaphragm.

APPENDICULAR SKELETON

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FUNCTIONS
The appendicular skeleton has two functions:

(1) Voluntary movement. The bones, muscles and joints of the limbs are involve in voluntary movement. This may range from the very fine movement of the fingers associated with writing, to the co-ordinated movement of all the limbs associated with running and jumping.

(2) Protection of delicate structures. Structure such as blood vessels and nerves lie along the length of bones of the limb and are protected from injury by the muscles and skin. These structures are most vulnerable where they cross joints and where bones van be felt near the skin.

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