Women's rights

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Hi friends, I guess you've all heard about scandals in the movie business lately?
It made me want to write an article about women's rights.

I heard this weekend that actor Marc Walberg was at the center of a controversy because of the significant pay gap with his female colleague, Michelle Williams, who was playing in Dawson for those who remember...

All the money in the world featured Mark Wahlberg, Michelle Williams and Kevin Spacey. Recent sexual accusations on the latter nevertheless led director Ridley Scott to replace him with Christopher Plummer. A counter-time that forced all the production to return scenes where Kevin Spacey, ousted, appeared. For those overtime, Mark Wahlberg had received an extra $ 1.5 million while his female equal, Michelle Williams, had received only $ 800!

To calm everyone down, the actor donated this money to the association Time's up, a legal defense fund for victims of inequality, abuse, violence and sexual harassment at work. All on behalf of Michelle Williams.

History

Women's rights are rights demanded by women and girls in many societies around the world and form the basis of the nineteenth-century women's rights movement and the twentieth-century feminist movement. In some countries, these rights are institutionalized or supported by law, local custom and behavior, while in other countries they may be ignored or suppressed.

They differ from broader notions of human rights by stating that there are inherent historical inequalities in the exercise of the rights of women and girls for men and boys. Defending these rights is an objective in order to achieve a more egalitarian society.

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Issues commonly associated with women's rights include, but are not limited to, the rights of: bodily integrity and autonomy, not to be subjected to sexual violence, to vote, to be elected, to enter legal contract, to have equal rights in family law, to work, to have access to fair wages and equal pay, to have reproductive rights, to own property, to access 'education.
Issues generally associated with women's rights concepts include :

• the right to integrity and bodily autonomy;
• civil rights, including the right to vote and the right to participate in political life via eligibility and effective participation in the executive power through a form of parity.
• the right to equality before the law
• the right to hold a public office;
• the right to work;
• the right to equal pay, with equal competence, that of men;
• the right to property;
• the right to education;
• the right to marriage;
• parental rights;
• religious rights;
• the right to serve as a soldier;
• the right to contract;
• the right to citizenship;
• the freedom to live free from the stereotyped gender role;
• the freedom to live free from sexism and violence.

The issue of women's rights is directly related to feminism. Feminist movements generally call for equal recognition of women's rights as compared to men's rights.
Feminist claims sometimes come into conflict with the religious and moral beliefs of some societies.

• the right to voluntary termination of pregnancy;
• the right to contraception;
• the right to the priesthood
• the right to bathe freely
• the right to divorce.

It should be noted that some of these claims are rejected for reasons that do not specifically concern women's rights but human rights, theological or ethical considerations.

Feminism

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Feminism is a collection of political, philosophical and social movements and ideas that share a common goal: to define, establish and achieve political, economic, cultural, personal, social and legal equality between women and men.

Feminism therefore aims to abolish, in these different areas, the gender inequalities of which women are the main victims, and thus to promote the rights of women in civil society and in private life.

If the term feminism does not take its current meaning until the end of the nineteenth century, the ideas of liberation of women have their roots in the Enlightenment and claim to be of older movements or struggles in other historical contexts.

The main goal of the first wave of feminism is to reform institutions, so that men and women become equal before the law: the right to education, the right to work, the right to control their property and the right to vote women are the main demands of this period.

The feminist movement has produced a great diversity of sociological and philosophical analyzes. The second feminist wave, which comes at the end of the 1960s with the birth of the Women's Liberation Movement, has developed several concepts that intend to account for the specificity of the relationship of domination exercised over women.

It was during this period that the concept of patriarchy was reformulated, that of sexism was developed and that the focus was on the private sphere as the privileged place of male domination.

The demands on women's control of their bodies (abortion, contraception) are at the forefront but, more broadly, it is the construction of new social sex relationships that feminists call this second wave.

Under the name of the third feminist wave, from the 1990s, a broad set of demands expressed by feminist activists from minority groups, in the wake of Black feminism.

Results

Now women vote in most industrialized countries, most of whose parliaments have passed divorce laws. The legalization of contraception and abortion is not effective for all the industrialized countries, so the situations are very variable from one country to another.

These rights are frequently challenged by conservative currents and religious institutions, such as the Catholic Church and in particular the traditionalist movement within it, and the fundamentalist trend of Protestant evangelicals.

Since the late 1990s, various groups, whether feminist or not, have been created. Among the most publicized, we can mention :

• Bitches on guard, a French movement claiming the legacy of the MLF;

• The movement Ni putes ni soumises, which aims to address the situation of women, particularly in the poor neighborhoods, raising the problem of forced marriage, rape, or excision.

• La Barbe, collective whose weapon is irony, and whose activists bear false beards when they burst into male-dominated stands: La Barbe indicates by such intrusions the path to a harmonious sharing of public speech , positions and responsibilities.

Parity within the directorates, and the equal distribution of creation, as examples in the media, in elite training schools, in large companies, in the theater, in the cinema, are among the objectives that inspire actions of La Barbe.

• Dare feminism! is a young feminist movement, mixed, universalist, secular and progressive created in 2009. Heir to the feminists of the 2nd and 3rd wave, its goal is to raise public awareness of the inequalities that persist between women and men and to obtain concrete measures to advance towards equality: professional equality, the fight against precariousness, the right to dispose of one's body, sexual freedom, parity, the fight against ordinary sexism, violence against women, including prostitution.

The association uses traditional means of action such as the collage of posters, the distribution of leaflets, demonstrations but also social networks, the web, video.

• The Femen, a Ukrainian movement created in 2008, which organizes in France since 2011 topless events and happenings for the promotion of democracy, freedom of the press, women's rights, protection of the environment, and against corruption, prostitution, sex tourism, international marriage agencies, sexism, pornography, domestic violence, racism and poverty.

In 2010 in Australia, this is the first time in the history of a state that the head of state, Elizabeth II, the head of government, Julia Gillard and the governor general, Quentin Bryce are all women.

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Contemporary feminism, in most Western countries, is diversifying and changing its face, as the initial feminist claims have been translated into legal systems, and are part of the conventional perimeter of human rights.

Feminist reflection and action are thus led on the one hand to focus more on the critical analysis of real social practices and to reformulate the expression of their stakes and their objectives.

They must also take into account the resurgence of ethnic, community or religious debates that complicate the deal, some associations refute the feminist West dichotomy against sexist Orient.

This change of landscape inevitably leads to divergent views that divide feminist currents.

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