A Mathematical Theory of Intelligence
Marcus Hutter's AIXI Theory of General Intelligence
"Sequential decision theory formally solves the problem of rational agents in uncertain worlds if the true environmental prior probability distribution is known. Solomonoff’s theory of universal induction formally solves the problem of sequence prediction for unknown prior distribution. We combine both ideas and get a parameter-free theory of universal Artificial Intelligence."
View the AIXI theory in a single line here
Is this really it? It's not viable in practice, but regardless..
Also check out Hutter's Philosophical Treatise of Universal Induction!