The Aim of Listening (3)

in #pehtem5 years ago

Listening relates to whether they need the listener to act in bottom-up or top-down processing. Bottom-up processes is the scanning of lexical item, recognizing constituents, using phonological, and grammatical cues. These can be gotten when listening closely to an anecdote in order to know when to laugh. Top-down processes comprise the identifying the specific event, place, time, person, the cause and effect, outcome, the topic, and the sequence of events. This such instruction is received when people ride plane, ship, train, and etcetera.

Mendengarkan berhubungan dengan apakah mereka membutuhkan pendengar untuk bertindak dalam pemrosesan dari bawah ke atas atau dari atas ke bawah. Proses bottom-up adalah pemindaian item leksikal, mengenali konstituen, menggunakan fonologis, dan isyarat gramatikal. Ini bisa didapat ketika mendengarkan dengan seksama anekdot untuk mengetahui kapan harus tertawa. Proses top-down terdiri dari mengidentifikasi peristiwa spesifik, tempat, waktu, orang, sebab dan akibat, hasil, topik, dan urutan kejadian. Instruksi seperti ini diterima ketika orang naik pesawat, kapal, kereta api, dan sebagainya.

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