Light-directed assembly

using gold nano-rods opens up 3D bioprinting applications
optical tweezers perhaps, that can handle very tiny things...angstrom sized tiny?
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---from the article---

The 3D bio-printing market has seen significant activity in 2017. Several companies are preparing 3D printers for launch and we have frequently reported on academic studies in this area.

A number of 3D printing methods including extrusion, inkjet and patterning with lasers have been used to create scaffolds or structures necessary for cell growth.

However, the use of high-powered lasers to pattern micro/nanoscale objects has drawbacks. In particular, the substantial energy required to move material or objects means that high throughput of material is not possible.