Remembering MF Doom—Masked Visionary, Rhyme-Bending Supervillain, and Hip-Hop Legend

Daniel Dumile[a] (/ˈduːmiːleɪ/ DOOM-ee-lay;[3] 9 January 1971 – 31 October 2020) was a British-American rapper. He performed and released music under several stage names, most notably MF Doom (stylised in all caps). Dumile debuted during hip hop's golden age of the late 1980s and became a major figure in underground hip hop of the early 21st century. Upon his death, Variety called him "one of the most celebrated, unpredictable and enigmatic figures in independent hip-hop".[4]

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Born in London, Dumile moved with his family to Long Island, New York, at a young age. He began his musical career in 1988 as a member of the trio KMD, performing under the name Zev Love X. KMD disbanded in 1993 upon the death of Dumile's brother, DJ Subroc. After taking a hiatus from music, Dumile reemerged in 1998, when he began performing at open mic events while wearing a mask. He adopted the MF Doom persona and rarely made unmasked public appearances thereafter. His metal mask resembles that of Marvel Comics super-villain Doctor Doom, who is depicted rapping on the cover of his 1999 debut solo album Operation: Doomsday.

Dumile's most prolific period was in the early 2000s, when he released four studio albums and two collaborative albums between 2003 and 2005, using the MF Doom moniker as well as the pseudonyms King Geedorah and Viktor Vaughn. In the 2010s, he relocated to London, where he recorded more music.

Dumile frequently collaborated with other producers and rappers, most notably Madlib, under the moniker Madvillain. The duo's 2004 album Madvillainy received widespread critical acclaim upon its release and has been cited as Dumile's magnum opus and a landmark album in hip hop.[5] Dumile's other notable collaborations include Danger Doom (with Danger Mouse), Doomstarks (with Ghostface Killah), JJ Doom (with Jneiro Jarel), NehruvianDoom (with Bishop Nehru), and Czarface Meets Metal Face (with Czarface).

Early life
Dumile was born in London on 9 January 1971,[6][7] the son of a Trinidadian mother and Zimbabwean father.[8][9] He said he was conceived in the United States, and happened to be born in London because his mother was visiting family.[10] As a child, Dumile moved with his family to Long Island, New York. He grew up in Long Beach, New York,[11] but remained a British citizen, never gaining American citizenship.[12] He said he had no memory of his London childhood and his parents had no affiliation with British cultural identity.[13]

Dumile began DJing during the summer after third grade.[14][15] As a child, he was a fan and collector of comic books.[16]

Career
1988–1993: KMD

Dumile as Zev Love X (left). Along with KMD members DJ Subroc and Onyx.
As Zev Love X, the first of his many pseudonyms,[17] Dumile formed the group KMD in 1988 with his younger brother DJ Subroc and another MC, Rodan. When Rodan left the group, Zev found another MC, Onyx the Birthstone Kid, to replace him.[6] Artists and repertoire representative Dante Ross learned of KMD through the hip hop group 3rd Bass and signed the group to Elektra Records.[18] Dumile and KMD's recording debut came on 3rd Bass's song "The Gas Face" on The Cactus Album,[6] followed in 1991 by KMD's album Mr. Hood.

In 1993, just before the release of the second KMD album, Black Bastards,[6] Subroc was struck by a car and killed while attempting to cross the Nassau Expressway, and that same week the group was dropped from Elektra Records. The album was shelved before it was released due to its controversial cover art,[18] which featured a cartoon of a stereotypical pickaninny or sambo character being hanged. After his brother's death, Dumile retreated from the hip hop scene from 1994 to 1997, living "damn near homeless, walking the streets of Manhattan, sleeping on benches".[19] In the late 1990s, he left New York City and settled in Atlanta. According to interviews with Dumile, he was also "recovering from his wounds" and swearing revenge "against the industry that so badly deformed him".[6] Black Bastards had become bootlegged by that time;[20] it was not formally released until 2000.[21]

1997–2001: Operation: Doomsday and production work
In 1997 or 1998,[b] Dumile began freestyling incognito at open-mic events at the Nuyorican Poets Café in Manhattan, obscuring his face by putting tights over his head.[7][22] He had taken on a new identity, MF Doom, patterned after and wearing a mask similar to that of Marvel Comics supervillain Doctor Doom,[23] who is depicted rapping on the cover of Dumile's 1999 debut album Operation: Doomsday.[24] Young argues that, by appropriating the Doctor Doom mask, Dumile "positions himself as enemy, not only of the music industry but also of dominant constructions of identity that relegate him as a black man to second-class citizenship".[23] Later versions of the mask were based on a prop mask from the film Gladiator.[25] He wore this mask while performing and would not be photographed without it, except for very short glimpses in videos such as Viktor Vaughn's "Mr. Clean", "?", and in earlier photos with KMD.[6]

Dumile released three singles on "Bobbito" García's Fondle 'Em Records, "Dead Bent" (as Metal Face Doom),[26] "Greenbacks" (1997), and "The M.I.C." (1998). In 1999 Fondle 'Em released MF Doom's first full-length LP, Operation: Doomsday, which included these singles and their B-sides, and additional tracks. Among the collaborators on these tracks were fellow members of the Monsta Island Czars collective (The M.I.C.), for which each artist took on the persona of a monster from the Godzilla franchise. Dumile went by the alias "King Geedorah", a three-headed golden dragon space monster, modeled after King Ghidorah from the Godzilla series.[27]

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