Berkeley News: One of the world’s oldest conflicts, a territorial dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan, has re-erupted with the heaviest clashes in years. What sparked the latest conflict?

Stephan Astourian: This is a full-scale war, with many post-modern characteristics (use of Islamic terrorists, massive recourse to drones, a proxy war for Turkey). In this sense, it differs from all the previous clashes since 1994. In my mind, at least, these are the key factors:

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First, the Azerbaijani leadership believes that their country has reached the apex of its comparative military advantage in relation to Armenia. Indeed, from 2012-14 Azerbaijan has spent at least $12 billion to buy armaments.