It is fascinating learning about the mechanisms by which we experience the world. You are right to point out how all of the computations are far below the level of consciousness. I have studied grid and place cells, and there are some fascinating mathematical models of how the systems operate. Look into these papers if you are interested:

Mehta, Mayank R., Michael C. Quirk, and Matthew A. Wilson. "Experience-dependent asymmetric shape of hippocampal receptive fields." Neuron 25.3 (2000): 707-715.

Burgess12, Neil, et al. "A Grid & Place Cell Model of Path Integration Utilizing Phase Precession Versus Theta." Trial 1.1.7 (2005): 3-5.