What is Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE)?
"Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) exists in several kinds of virus. It has a negative influence on antibody therapy for viral infection. This effect was first identified in dengue virus and has since also been described for coronavirus."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32920233/
"Antibody-based drugs and vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are being expedited through preclinical and clinical development. Data from the study of SARS-CoV and other respiratory viruses suggest that anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies could exacerbate COVID-19 through antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE)."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32908214/
"ADE occurs when the antibodies generated during an immune response recognize and bind to a pathogen, but they are unable to prevent infection. Instead, these antibodies act as a “Trojan horse,” allowing the pathogen to get into cells and exacerbate the immune response."
https://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-safety/antibody-dependent-enhancement-and-vaccines
"In some cases, antibodies can enhance virus entry and replication in cells. This phenomenon is called antibody-dependent infection enhancement (ADE)."
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8438590/
"ADE is a phenomenon observed in animals during vaccine development against the coronaviruses and measles, respiratory syncytial virus, and dengue viruses previously.
In ADE, the inoculated animals develop the antibodies, but with time, the neutralizing antibodies decrease. When the animals were exposed to a wild-type coronavirus (to test vaccine effectiveness), instead of being protected the animals developed severe infections and died."
https://drjessesantiano.com/what-is-antibody-dependent-enhancement-and-why-should-you-care/
"Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) may be involved in the clinical observation of increased severity of symptoms associated with early high levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patients."
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7943455/
"For over a year, intensive research conducted by health experts has brought to light increasing concerns about “Antibody-Dependent Enhancement” (ADE), a phenomenon where vaccines make the disease far worse by priming the immune system for a potentially deadly overreaction.
ADE is well known to occur with coronavirus vaccines that have been tested in animal experiments. The big question has been whether it will emerge in the billions of people who have now been vaccinated around the world."
https://thetruthiswhere.wordpress.com/2021/08/28/new-study-finds-billions-of-vaccinated-people-are-at-real-risk-of-suffering-antibody-dependent-enhancement/
"CDC Director Rochelle Walensky who warns about ADE, or worsening disease in vaccinated individuals after re-exposure to the virus"
https://jeffreydachmd.com/2021/08/director-of-cdc-rochelle-walensky-warns-of-ade-antibody-dependent-enhancement-from-israel-data/
"Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is something researchers watch for very carefully and is extremely rare. In ADE, certain antibodies make it easier for viruses to get into cells. This is bad because it would mean a virus or a vaccine makes people more at risk for severe disease.
If COVID-19 vaccines caused ADE, people who are vaccinated against COVID-19 would have more severe disease"
https://www.nebraskamed.com/COVID/antibody-dependent-enhancement-in-vaccines
"These trends have been seen over and over in different populations, and they are the exact opposite of what you would see if ADE were operating. If the mechanism proposed by Yahi et al. were happening in the real world, then we should see higher Delta infection rates among vaccinated people, with more severe disease. We are not. We are seeing the reverse. The vaccines simply to not appear to be causing ADE, no matter how many reasons one might be able to spin for them to do so."
https://www.science.org/content/blog-post/new-antibody-dependent-enhancement-hypothesis
"Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) appears to be a damaging inflammatory reaction of one’s own antibodies against one’s own tissues or cells, again, provoked by antibodies binding to one’s tissues or by immune complexes being deposited."
https://rivercitymalone.com/health/covid-vaccine-the-problem-of-antibody-dependent-enhancement/
"Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), a phenomenon in which viral replication is increased rather than decreased by immune sera, has been observed in vitro for a large number of viruses of public health importance, including flaviviruses, coronaviruses, and retroviruses."
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16217017/
"This phenomenon is not easy to understand, but in very, very simple terms, it’s when vaccine-induced antibodies enhance, or make worse, a viral infection when exposed to the virus AFTER being vaccinated for it."
https://bloomingwellness.com/2021/03/antibody-dependent-enhancement-what-in-the-world-is-that-with-doctor-malone/
"Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) mainly refers to an effect in the body, which is caused by pathogen infection. In 1964, Hawkes and his team from the Australian National University first put forward the hypothesis of "antibody-dependent enhancement of infection" in arboviruses and named it ADE. ADE showed that virus replication was promoted rather than inhibited in low concentrations of immune serum. At present, a variety of viruses have been found to have ADE effects, such as Ebola virus, West Nile virus, dengue virus, hepatitis C virus, and rabies virus.
ADE effect is essentially an antibody-dependent enhancement effect, which means that when the body is infected by pathogens, the original neutralizing antibody not only can not prevent the virus from invading human cells but can interact with Fc receptors or complements to invade mononuclear macrophages, granulocytes, etc., enhancing the replication of the virus in the body and causing serious pathological reactions."
https://antiviral.creative-diagnostics.com/antibody-dependent-enhancement-ade-assay.html
Antibody-Dependent Enhancement and COVID Vaccines
https://vaxopedia.org/2021/06/12/antibody-dependent-enhancement-and-covid-vaccines/