Where does the Internet come from? How does it reach us?

What is Internet

The Internet is a network of interconnected and interconnected computer networks that connect the world to each other and extend across land, oceans and even space. Some of you may be wondering how this global system works. To understand the nature of the Internet and the idea of ​​its work we can see it as a system of two components, the first component is Hardware, and includes everything from cables and wires that carry data to the computer in front of you. There are other types of hardware that the Internet relies on mainly for routers, servers, switches, mobile towers, satellites and radio waves, as well as all kinds of devices that can connect to the Internet. All the devices and the previous tools when connected to each other create what is known as the network, and when these networks connect to each other on a global scale consists of a network of networks, which we know the Internet.

History of the Internet
The idea of ​​establishing an information network was initiated by the US Department of Defense in 1969. On the ways to finance a project to connect the administration with the armed forces, and a large number of universities that are engaged in research funded by the armed forces, and named this network (ARPA) abbreviation of the English word The Advanced Research Project Administration The aim of this project is the development of networking technology The ARBA network is designed by a feature called dynamic rerouting. This method is used to operate the network continuously. Even if a link is disconnected or disrupted, the network converts the traffic to other connections.
Later on, the Arpanet network was used not only by the armed forces, but also by the American universities, so heavily that it began to suffer from overcrowding. It was necessary to create a new network. A new network was launched in 1983, "MILNET" to serve military sites only, and the network "Arbnet" takes over non-military communications, while remaining connected to the "Malnet" through a program called the "Internet"
Internet Protocol (IP)
Which later became the basic standard in networks.
After the introduction of the Unix operating system, which included software to connect to the network and spread it to the users' devices, the network again suffered from overload, which led to the transformation of Arpanet network in 1984 to the American National Science Foundation
National Science Foundation (NSF)
Which in turn, in 1986, made another network faster called NSFNET. This network worked well until 1990, when Arpanet was disconnected from service after 20 years because of its many flaws. NSFNET remains a central part of the Internet. . In short we can say that the most important points in the history of the emergence of the "Internet" is:
The most important stages in the history of the emergence of the "Internet".
1969 The first four Arpanet contact points were placed at carefully selected US university sites.

1972 The first public presentation of the Arpanet network at the Washington DC conference entitled The World Wants to Call, Mr. Ray Tomlens invents the email and sends the first message to Arpanet.

1973 Add Norway and England to the network.

1974 AD The details of the transport control protocol, one of the techniques that will determine the "Internet".

In 1977, computer companies started to create their own websites.

1983 TCP / IP became standard for Arpanet network.

1984 The American Science Foundation (NSF) assumed the responsibility of Arpanet and provided a system for giving names to computers connected to the network
Domain Name System (DNS)

1985 The first computer company to register its own Internet.

In 1986, the World Science Foundation created its fastest network TNSFNE with the advent of Network News Transfer Protocol, making direct interactive discussion clubs possible, and a computer company building the first Internet firewall.

1990 "Arpanet" and "Internet" was closed in charge of the task.

1991 The University of Minnesota offers a program "Gopher" Gopher, a program to retrieve information from servers in the network.

1992 CERN In Switzerland, the Hypertext Code offers the programming principle that led to the development of the Word Wide Web

1993 began navigation, through the issuance of the first browser program "Mosaic" followed by others, such as the program "Netscape" and "Microsoft". President Clinton launches his own web page

In 1995, six million servers and 50,000 networks were connected to the Internet and one of the computer companies launched the Internet search program. 1996 "Internet" and "Web" became words around the world. In the Middle East, "Internet" has become a hot topic, from the first design of the network to today, and there are a number of Internet service providers.

How does the internet reach us?

The Internet brings us through many networks and maritime connections via fiber cables dedicated to international communications in the world.

Marine cables and their international importance
Sea cables are one of the most important achievements in the field of transmitting and exchanging data and digital data around the world. Eighty percent of the total communications and data transmission are carried out through these cables, because of the speed of data flow, the high degree of security and confidentiality, the high accuracy of signal transmission, Their costs compared to satellites and other means.

History of the development of marine cables
The cable was founded in 1850 when the first submarine cable between France and Britain was extended. In 1863 a submarine cable between Britain, the Arabian Peninsula and India was extended. In 1902, another cable was connected between America and Hawaii. These cables were used to transmit Telegraph messages, To make telephone calls, which were primitive in their installation and design, as they were made of traditional metal wires.

With the increase in communications, dozens of these cables have been established that have connected most parts of the globe. In view of the urgent need to keep abreast of technological advances in the telecommunications sector, in 1988 the first fiber optic cable was extended across the Atlantic Ocean, These global cables are being developed worldwide by major international companies, so that our current world has become a small village thanks to this effective means of communication between people around the globe.

Installation of marine cables

Modern submarine cables are composed of a group of different layers that play an important role in the smooth functioning of these cables. These layers are designed to protect the most important part of the cable and prevent damage that may be caused by exposure to external influences. These layers are:

1. Polyethylene cover, a water-resistant chemical.
   2 - thick adhesive tape Mylar.
   Non-oxidized iron wires.
   4- Anti-leakage barrier made of aluminum.
2. Cover of polycarbonate, this material is resistant to shocks and extreme temperatures.
3. Copper or aluminum pipe.
   7 - very heavy petroleum gel.
4. Optical Fibers, where optical signals are transferred.

The extension of the submarine cables requires the use of advanced techniques, specialized technical teams and equipped ships. The satellites are used to determine the best possible path for these cables.
The developments in these cables and the technical and technical improvements enabled it to transmit a large amount of data at the same time, reaching more than 1.5 terabytes per second. This feature has earned these cables a good reputation in the field of transferring and exchanging data, information and digital data with ease .