Natural immunity and acquired immunity
The immune system is supported by two major pillars: the general innate immune system (the natural immune system) and the acquired and specialized immune system. Both systems work and perform different task.
Defense cells in tissues:
The immune system's two components operate at various levels: First, different tissues contain specialized defense cells that actively combat pathogens (germs). These cells are a part of the category known as cellular defense.
Defense cells in blood and other fluids:
In addition, many of the soluble components present in blood and other bodily fluids are required by both the innate (natural) immune system and the acquired immune system. Proteins like enzymes, antibodies, and short amino acid chains make up the majority of these. The humoral defense includes these substances. Thus, cellular and congenital defense mechanisms are used by the immune system's two components, acquired and innate.
Rapid, efficient, and widespread: the natural immune system
The ability to move and respond very quickly is the strength of the natural immune system as a whole. Make sure, for instance, that bacteria that entered the skin through a small wound are quickly identified and partially destroyed.
The innate immune response does not require a lengthy initiation phase because it is not tailored to specific pathogens. Due to this broad impact, it can only to a limited extent prevent germs from entering and spreading within the body.
External protection: skin and mucous membranes
The immune system in a healthy person includes every surface on both the inside and outside of the body. Pathogens are prevented from entering by a mechanical barrier created by the mucous membranes and the closed surface of the skin.
Acid, enzymes, or mucus are examples of chemicals that hinder the growth of bacteria or viruses. Movements made by, for instance, the intestinal muscles or the cilia, which are hair-like structures in the bronchi, which stop germs from entering the body. Similar effects are produced when the urinary organs are rinsed with sweat, urine, or tear fluids.
Internal protection: defense cells and proteins
If pathogens manage to get past the skin or mucous membranes and enter the body, the fungal system's second line of defense kicks in. Inflammatory cells migrate to the site of injury, or defense cells that already exist are activated.
Soluble protein substances in the supplement system are also activated and contribute to the body's defense. This causes an inflammatory reaction, increasing blood circulation and making the affected area swollen and hot. There is sometimes a fever as well.
Pathogens are absorbed by these cells, where they are internally digested. If the pathogen is already recognized by antibodies or complement system proteins, scavenger cells (macrophages) can perform better. Scavenger cells become more "acceptable" to the pathogen as a result.
Antibodies produced by the immune system therefore assist the natural defense at this point. Scavenger cells (macrophages), on the other hand, can support the innate immune system by rapidly eating and digesting particular pathogens.
Complementary system: proteins in a chain reaction
The immune system's defense cells are supported by soluble substances. Nine different enzymes interact with one another in a process resembling a chain reaction: one of the first stage's enzymes stimulates a number of second stage enzymes, each of which in turn stimulates a number of third stage enzymes, and so on. Due to the rapid increase in protein production caused by this process, the defense response becomes much stronger (exponentially).
The tasks of these enzymes:
They propagate pathogens, which attract macrophages more readily.
It functions to draw additional immune cells out of the blood.
Bacteria's dissolving cell walls cause them to lose fluid and minerals and ultimately perish.
By destroying virus envelopes, they can directly combat viruses, or they can do so indirectly by destroying virus-infected cells.
Natural killer cells:
The third crucial component of the innate immune system, natural killer cells search for altered body cells. These cells have developed a specialty for detecting cancerous or virus-infected cells. These cells do this by monitoring alterations to their cell surfaces. Cytotoxins, also known as cytotoxins, are used by natural killer cells to destroy altered-surface cells they find.