Achievement 3 || content etiquette || by @collinschizzy001

INTRODUCTION

Plagiarism is an issue that appears so simple and obvious that it may not merit treatment in a journal’s policies. After all, authors should know not to plagiarize others’ work, and if they intentionally do so, a journal’s policy is not likely to stop them. However, there is a subtle form of plagiarism of which some authors may be unaware: self-plagiarism. While the theft and presentation of others’ work as one’s own (plagiarism) is a well-defined act, the idea of self-plagiarism is less well defined. It is usually understood in terms of “duplicate publication” (discussed later in this chapter) or “text recycling” (Roig, 2011; Scanlon, 2007). Text recycling is exactly what it sounds like – reusing one’s own words without appropriate attribution to their original source. To a certain extent, this practice is unavoidable and somewhat subconscious, particularly for authors who write repeatedly on specific topics (Scanlon, 2007). However, a journal should provide guidance to authors as to what forms of recycling are acceptable (or not), and when an author is required to properly cite his or her prior work. For example, a relatively simple distinction could be made between unpublished work (e.g., grant proposals) and published work, with a journal allowing reuse (without citation) of unpublished materials, but requiring self-citation for any previously published articles (Roig, 2011). However, with increasing amounts of informal and unpublished work being deposited in institutional repositories, a journal may wish to consider adding even more nuance to its policy – for example, requiring citation of any publicly available work, whether it has been formally published or not.
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DEFINITION OF PLAGIARISM

Plagiarism is defined as “the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit.
OR
Plagiarism involves the act of using others’ work and trying to pass it off as your own original work. Essentially, plagiarism is stealing another person’s work or ideas. It can occur intentionally and unintentionally.
OR
Plagiarism is presenting someone else’s work or ideas as your own, with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgement. All published and unpublished material, whether in manuscript, printed or electronic form, is covered under this definition. Plagiarism may be intentional or reckless, or unintentional. Under the regulations for examinations, intentional or reckless plagiarism is a disciplinary offence.

According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, to "plagiarize" means:

• to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own
• to use (another's production) without crediting the source
• to commit literary theft
• to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source

In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud. It involves both stealing someone else's work and lying about it afterward.
But can words and ideas really be stolen?
According to U.S. law, the answer is yes. The expression of original ideas is considered intellectual property and is protected by copyright laws, just like original inventions. Almost all forms of expression fall under copyright protection as long as they are recorded in some way (such as a book or a computer file).
All of the following are considered plagiarism:
• turning in someone else's work as your own
• copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit
• failing to put a quotation in quotation marks
• giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
• changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit
• copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not (see our section on "fair use" rules)
Most cases of plagiarism can be avoided, however, by citing sources. Simply acknowledging that certain material has been borrowed and providing your audience with the information necessary to find that source is usually enough to prevent plagiarism. See our section on citation for more information on how to cite sources properly.
PLGIARISM ALSO INVOLVE IN images, videos, and music?
Using an image, video or piece of music in a work you have produced without receiving proper permission or providing appropriate citation is plagiarism. The following activities are very common in today’s society. Despite their popularity, they still count as plagiarism.
• Copying media (especially images) from other websites to paste them into your own papers or websites.
• Making a video using footage from others’ videos or using copyrighted music as part of the soundtrack.
• Performing another person’s copyrighted music (i.e., playing a cover).
• Composing a piece of music that borrows heavily from another composition.
Certainly, these media pose situations in which it can be challenging to determine whether or not the copyrights of a work are being violated. For example:
• A photograph or scan of a copyrighted image (for example: using a photograph of a book cover to represent that book on one’s website)
• Recording audio or video in which copyrighted music or video is playing in the background.
• Re-creating a visual work in the same medium. (for example: shooting a photograph that uses the same composition and subject matter as someone else’s photograph)
• Re-creating a visual work in a different medium (for example: making a painting that closely resembles another person’s photograph).
• Re-mixing or altering copyrighted images, video or audio, even if done so in an original way.
The legality of these situations, and others, would be dependent upon the intent and context within which they are produced. The two safest approaches to take in regards to these situations is: 1) Avoid them altogether or 2) Confirm the works’ usage permissions and cite them properly.

Forms of plagiarism
Verbatim (word for word) quotation without clear acknowledgement
Quotations must always be identified as such by the use of either quotation marks or indentation, and with full referencing of the sources cited. It must always be apparent to the reader which parts are your own independent work and where you have drawn on someone else’s ideas and language.

Cutting and pasting from the Internet without clear acknowledgement
Information derived from the Internet must be adequately referenced and included in the bibliography. It is important to evaluate carefully all material found on the Internet, as it is less likely to have been through the same process of scholarly peer review as published sources.

Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing the work of others by altering a few words and changing their order, or by closely following the structure of their argument, is plagiarism if you do not give due acknowledgement to the author whose work you are using.
A passing reference to the original author in your own text may not be enough; you must ensure that you do not create the misleading impression that the paraphrased wording or the sequence of ideas are entirely your own. It is better to write a brief summary of the author’s overall argument in your own words, indicating that you are doing so, than to paraphrase particular sections of his or her writing. This will ensure you have a genuine grasp of the argument and will avoid the difficulty of paraphrasing without plagiarising. You must also properly attribute all material you derive from lectures.

Collusion
This can involve unauthorised collaboration between students, failure to attribute assistance received, or failure to follow precisely regulations on group work projects. It is your responsibility to ensure that you are entirely clear about the extent of collaboration permitted, and which parts of the work must be your own.

Inaccurate citation
It is important to cite correctly, according to the conventions of your discipline. As well as listing your sources (i.e. in a bibliography), you must indicate, using a footnote or an in-text reference, where a quoted passage comes from. Additionally, you should not include anything in your references or bibliography that you have not actually consulted. If you cannot gain access to a primary source you must make it clear in your citation that your knowledge of the work has been derived from a secondary text (for example, Bradshaw, D. Title of Book, discussed in Wilson, E., Title of Book (London, 2004), p. 189).

Failure to acknowledge assistance
You must clearly acknowledge all assistance which has contributed to the production of your work, such as advice from fellow students, laboratory technicians, and other external sources. This need not apply to the assistance provided by your tutor or supervisor, or to ordinary proofreading, but it is necessary to acknowledge other guidance which leads to substantive changes of content or approach.

Use of material written by professional agencies or other persons
You should neither make use of professional agencies in the production of your work nor submit material which has been written for you even with the consent of the person who has written it. It is vital to your intellectual training and development that you should undertake the research process unaided. Under Statute XI on University Discipline, all members of the University are prohibited from providing material that could be submitted in an examination by students at this University or elsewhere.

Auto-plagiarism
You must not submit work for assessment that you have already submitted (partially or in full), either for your current course or for another qualification of this, or any other, university, unless this is specifically provided for in the special regulations for your course. Where earlier work by you is citable, ie. it has already been published, you must reference it clearly.

TYPES OF PLAGIARISM

1. Direct plagiarism: This type of plagiarism involves the exact reproduction of published work without any attribution of its original source. An example would be the absence of internal references and quotations around language that has been reproduced verbatim from another source.
2. Paraphrasing is a form of plagiarism that involves reproducing the work of others while changing the precise language of the original source only slightly and then failing to acknowledge the original source.
3. Self-plagiarism (a.k.a. “double dipping”) refers to the practice of submitting the same work product (e.g., a research paper or project) or one that is only slightly altered, to satisfy the requirements of multiple separate courses. This provides the illusion that more work has been completed in order to satisfy university requirements for assignments or publication.
4. Plagiarism of authorship: It involves placing one’s own name on the completed work of another without significant alteration (if any). An example would be purchasing a research paper online and submitting it for course credit as one’s own original work.
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