Kidneys
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The kidneys are situated on either side of the spine, in the back of the abdominal cavity. Adrenal glands sit on top of each kidney. The renal pyramid and outer cortex compose the renal lobe. The smallest branches of the renal artery, called afferent arterioles, facilitate blood flow.
If you have chronic kidney disease (CKD), also called chronic kidney disease, having CKD means that you've had a kidney problem for at least three months. Chronic kidney disease can creep up.
There are two key kidney numbers: estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), measured by a blood test, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, measured by a urine test.
Each nephron in the kidney has two main parts: the renal corpuscle and renal tubule, responsible for starting the urine production process. Glomerular filtration, also called glomerular filtration, occurs in the renal corpuscle.
The diameter of the afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent arteriole; this size difference produces high pressure within the glomerulus. The pressure forces the smallest substances, such as water and ions, through the membrane, separating them from other substances, such as plasma proteins. The glomerular filtration barrier restricts the passage of erythrocytes (red blood cells) due to their size, ensuring their retention within the vascular compartment.
Tubular reabsorption occurs as the fluid passes through the renal tubule, which consists of the proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct. As the fluid passes through the renal tubule, it reabsorbs useful substances into the peritubular capillaries, specifically glucose, amino acids, water, and nitrogenous waste. Amino acids, glucose, sodium ions, and calcium ions are reabsorbed by active transport.
The final step in urine production is tubular secretion. The distal convoluted tubules remove excess nitrogenous wastes, hydrogen ions, and potassium ions from the bloodstream and add them to the urine.
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