Crypto Academy / Season 3 / Week 4 - Homework Post for [Crypto Professor @pelon53 ]

fombae (73)in SteemitCryptoAcademy • 3 years ago (edited)

Explain in detail the hash rate.

Hashrate(Hash per second, h/s) is the unit used to measure the number of times a double SHA-computations is executed in one second on the bitcoin network during cryptocurrency mining. Another name for Hashrate is hashing power with SI prefix h/s. Hashrate is one of the factors put in place during cryptocurrency mining to evaluate the performance of the blockchain network.

The high the Hastrate, that means high speed in performance by the miner and therefore more processing data in one second. for Bitcoin, Hashrate is the number of time an SHA-256 is calculated for Proof-Of-Work in every second.

Hashrate is measure in units

k (kilo, 1,000) 1 khash/s indicates 1 thousand hash calculations are done every second
M (mega, 1 million) 1 Mhash/s indicates 1 million hash calculations are done every second
G (Giga, 1 billion) 1 Ghash/s indicates 1 billion hash calculations are done every second
T (Tera, 1 trillion) 1 Thash/s indicates 1 trillion hash calculations are done every second

How to Calculate Hashrate

Hash rate = Number of hashes / time

To conclude Hashrate represents the number of SHA-256 algorithms perform in a second. By taking the block information and converting it to a hash. For simple understanding, miners mine blocks and generate strings of text which are then converted into hashes by the SHA-256 algorithm.

Drawback

High energy efficiency needed
High cost in mining as more processing power computers are needed

Make the following Merkle Tree:

Transaction (tree leaves): Steem1; Steem2; Steem3; Steem4; Steem5; Steem6; Steem7; Steem8.

To create a Merkle Tree for the transaction above, I will need to start by generating SHA-256 for all the leaves. We have eight(8) leaves to start transactions. I will be using SHA-256

Steem1

Hash: 7760E25BCB80ADF1DD92DB339BF5790A59E90CD54EFA072F1250DCE13FA97045

Steem2

Hash: FE00506E91CF52BC4B35321E6B978D1A7349397B19C6C1C01E095971FDEC9741

Steem3

Hash: A9418332E0C351D6A50C835AA9E57D514F0573C231D491E97726DB8A5844F2DC

Steem4

Hash: 22F4EC8E20C9CCAF2C313B23F18981B1C73BF39081BCD739E5D998A95A46AB30

Steem5

Hash: 2A3C87336683AB0DDFA56AFEFC740E6C13A02FEA0A43D6797343B26D7AF0C57B

Steem6

Hash: A7BAA6DE0C0658E9E3681966E542BACD116529F5AE9A2D9126CDB1C1D5BC1278

Steem7

Hash: D441688DDA7F9285E8811728DD9A3955CF74F0A3C7600C1589D0F1D3B48FFAC7

Steem8

Hash: F2E38ED4FF662087B6E9BEAFA4158EBC488B995732057BDA019A6A77FFB5F9F5

We completed the hashes for all the leaves, so let move to our first middle hash branch

Steem1Steem2

Hash: A5568957014F6AC3866923C7DE20D375E706B8D8C9F453636E90B9965ABEC62B

Steem3Steem4

Hash: 18D25196DB699F6AB9222B7302EB8A6F6EBFADEC703C07DD5DB8D9455913A499

Steem5Steem6

Hash: D118E137F92A0DBEA138B6BF70C7714153A7BC393CD0272A44BD94864645224B

Steem7Steem8

Hash: A81D57BA11AEDFA9EFBBA42F6523D75D1EFA50B22C5E3557A21CEFFE87DDFC4A

I just completed my first middle hash branch, more transactions to execute for us to get to the Root Hash. Let move to our second middle hash branch.

Steem1Steem2Steem3Steem4

Hash: 8A248C05E69C4F1AA403AD18A7F445FF500C42483DA425CE0C980CDB2FD1AD9B

Steem5Steem6Steem7Steem8

Hash: 8B0935AEAB3F51BFA2B0750703EE2387E2B20EB19B0D24227E180C03A851AF17

As you can see my second middle hash branch is the last middle hash branch for the transaction. My last step will be to generate the Root Hash.

Steem1Steem2Steem3Steem4Steem5Steem6Steem7Steem8

Hash: 9C2FC83F36D59B8ED5033D2BCC417728583C8DAA0AA9868FD374BE3619D6E4F9

Now let create my Merkle Tree

Design using paint by @fombae

2b)

To verify if Steem6 is included in the Merkle Tree, I need to do a breakdown.

I will need to generate the Hash for Steem5, Steem6, Steem7, and Steem8 (you can see Leave hashes on the Merkle Tree above)
Next, I put together Steem5Steem6 and Steem7Steem8 to generate their hashes (you can see the First middle hash branch on the Merkle Tree above)
Now we have both Steem5Steem6 and Steem7Steem8 (Note Steem6 is included in the Steem5Steem6). Now I put together Steem5Steem6Steem7Steem8 and Generate it Hash (you can see the second middle hash branch on the Merkle Tree above).
Finally, I did not ignore Steem1Steem2Steem3Steem4, just that our interest was Steem6. To complete and have our Root has, i willputtogethere Steem1Steem2Steem3Steem4 and Steem5Steem6Steem7Steem8 to have Steem1Steem2Steem3Steem4Steem5Steem6Steem7Steem8 and generate our hash.

Now I can say Steem6 is included in our Merkle root hash after going through the four-step on the Merkle Tree.

3.- Using the SHA-256; you must place each complete hash in the Merkle Tree.

Transaction (tree leaves): SCA1; SCA2; SCA3; SCA4; SCA5; SCA6; SCA7; SCA8. Explain each step, show screenshots.

SCA1

Hash: 13E0A04BB0E669E1C638DBE3A704743F99F162B25245E4D8C064D35BA38FA8C8

SCA2

Hash: 27849353A9C8CC4E948EB6E5748EDD79CB83513D8C0ADAF3E8C83D3792C9149B

SCA3

Hash: 67E872F952C105C35E0BCE130536D061F4999DCA5593754BA9BA7BE59B8E7C0D

SCA4

Hash: 491928A32BAE70A12FA251412BBFD7C9999F317BA6BF577C283C724225270A43

SCA5

Hash: 99C078C39CDE7F47799E0E8691460A9F3E83E78D498EA989308FCFCC58907B19

SCA6

Hash: 7A648D887B124DB14E96E23BA92783E7F26D00957C19B9B8229632C2C1873729

SCA7

Hash: 7E0BBD6BA4BA9896F9911AF46B06DD2C47535F9C80B29D693FDF6B9319D0D68E

SCA8

Hash: 562ABCEEB497E1FE7AE275A883FD5EF9D92A05F5C19D82ABAA0DC1571B7DF3AD

Im done with hashes for the tree leaves, so will move up to the first middle hash branch.

SCA1SCA2

Hash: 91B09BBA815748166FB36413342C7E4E7E809F4BAC538C0418841A4476B527EF

SCA3SCA4

Hash: B49B48697A3ACBC5E3D2E36B6EE49C44020D88E664C5C1AA7A7CF34058177379

SCA5SCA6

Hash: F026924CD1285FF92C2A2DE9B9313027EB67273A82375C939348C887F6B52F77

SCA7SCA8

Hash: AA55EC5A6B11393B289C4B2B6916172ACC2941C5C978FB1D7BF02696BAB323A4

Now im done with my First middle hash branch, Loe move to the second middle hash branch

SCA1SCA2SCA3SCA4

Hash: F50DC120CBF6C46923037F6D7F41D4153ECC9AB7430DDA662C142DB1FFE483F7

SCA5SCA6SCA7SCA8

Hash: A3D8CA8494CC426ABD5E1FC5FA0FEAE4F2B2ECE4C4CECDCA05E19EB66542533F

Finally, we have completed all middle hash branches, let generate the Root hash

SCA1SCA2SCA3SCA4SCA5SCA6SCA7SCA8

Hash: CB40CA6DB72DD507CF9118963F94B7740822258E74AFB0FD45D89DB35D24B386

Merkle Tree with all hashes

Design using paint by @fombae

If the number of leaves on the tree is odd, what should you do? Explain.

well, this is not too complicated, leaves are pair to form branches. if I have an odd leave without a pair, I will hash the leave and keep. As I build up the tree creating branches with pair leaves, I get to the point which will seem to be the root hash. Now because of the pending Leaves hash, I have not yet generated my Root hash.

Now I will use the supposed root hash and pair it with the pending leave hash to generate my Root hash for my odd tree.

Design using paint by @fombae

Hashing is the backbone of blockchain, this is the factor that has boosted the mining process on several blockchain networks. Thanks, @pelon53 for another opportunity to learn more again about hashing.

#pelon53-s3week4 #cryptoacademy #cameroon #steeminclusive