UNITED KINGDOM: Early beginnings.

the United Kingdom has its roots in the history of Great Britain, Isle of Man, Ireland the Bailiwick of Guernsey the Bailiwick of Jersey and few smaller islands.'The British monarch was head of state of all the countries of the British isle in 1603, until the enactment of the Republic of Ireland act in 1949. The term the British Isles was not used in 1603.
But the prehistory of Britains started way back. with the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods, The lower Palaeolithic period in the British ancient history.

the Palaeolithic period was when the first habitation of early hominids, the extinct Homo heidelbergensis.

Mesolithic Period 10,000 to 4500 BC . we see the occupation of Homo sapiens modern humans.

The Neolithic and Bronze ages 4500-600 BC saw the British and Irish transformed in both society and landscape. Agriculture was adopted, and hunter-gatherers became farmers.

During the Iron Age, 1200BC to 600 AD, the adoption of iron, produced farming tools, ornaments and weapons.
By the first millenium BC a combination of trans-cultural diffusions and immigration from continental Europe,established the Celtic languages in the islands and gave rise t the insular Celtic group.
The classical period between 55 and 54 BC Galus Casar invaded the British Isles, but did not occupy the island Southern
Britain became part of the Roman Empire AD40 to about AD41.
Ireland at the same time was invaded and settled by Gaels.The Gaels.
The Early medieval period saw an invasion of Britain by Germanic -speaking Saxons, in the 5th Century Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were formed , and through wars with the British states came to cover the territory of the present -day England.
The Anglo Saxon-states were Christianised.

Vikings from Denmark and Norway conquered most of England. Only the KIngdom of Alfred the Great manages to re-conquer and unify England in the 10t Century. Thereafter the Danish raided
England and subjugated England to Denmark under Canute the Great.
Danish rule was overthrown, by the House of Wessex and Edward the Confessor ruled until his death 1n 1066.
Then in 1066 William Duke of Normandy claimed to be the rightful heir to the English throne and defeated King Edward 11 at the Battle of Hastings.
He appointed loyal members of the Norman elite to many positions of authority, built castles, and s the first to order a census of the kingdom. There followed many battles between England and France, ending in the Hundred Year's war from which France emerged victoriously. The monarchs in the Late Medieval period belong to the houses of Plantagenet, Lancaster and York