Today I will introduce a philosopher of ancient Greece, who was one of the main sources of scholastic teaching, in the universities of the Middle Ages.
Aristotle (384–322 BC)
The philosophy of Aristotle was made accessible in Europe, thanks to an Arab philosopher Averroes (1126-1198 AD), its Latinized name of Ibn Rushd. The latter had for this reason, some influence on Christian Europe.
The philosophy of Aristotle had a great impact on the Roman Catholic Church. Notably his philosophy of the spirit, which emits the postulate of a duality between matter and spirit. But he was not the first to discuss this idea, indeed the latter could also find be in the writings of Plato (5th-4th BC).
Aristotle defended a causal explanation of the facts. Indeed, he said :
"To know is to know through
the causes".
And this method of causative explanation has become very important in science.
Aristotle was equally fervent of the rationalist theory (also shared by Descartes and Kant). Concerning this theory, it postulates that it is the spirit that introduces order into reality and forces it to an ordered logic.
The contributions of this famous Greek philosopher were therefore important in the religions of the Book's theological thoughts of the Middle Ages, and is still present in Christian Catholic theology. As well as in science.
Fresco you can find at the Vatican Museum.
There is surely still much to say about Aristotle, but I will let you do your own research if you are interested.
*
HoR - Shamanism (M. J. Harner and M. Eliade)
HoR - Islam (1. Muhammad)
Image sources : 1, 2
Information sources : from my course notes.
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