HISTORY OF ISLAMIC KINGDOM IN ACEH

                                                                              History of aceh

The Sultanate of aceh (Pasai) also known as Ocean Darussalam, or Samudera Pasai, is an Islamic empire located on the northern coast of Sumatra, approximately around Lhokseumawe City and North Aceh, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Based on news Marcopolo (th 1292) and Ibn Battuta (13th century). In the year 1267 has established the Islamic kingdom in Indonesia, the kingdom of Samudra Pasai. This is also evidenced by the gravestone of the tomb of Sultan Malik Al Saleh (th 1297) the first King of Pasai Ocean.

From the 9th to 11th centuries AD Arabian shipping and geography news has also added historical sources. The reports, among them from Ibn Khurdazbih (850), Ya'qubi (875-880), Ibn Faqih (902), Ibn Rusteh (903), Ishaq Ibn Iman (l.907), Muhammad Ibn Zakariyya al-Razi , Abu Zaid of sirat (l 916), Abu Dulaf (l9.940), Mas'udi (943), and Buzurg Ibn Syahriyar (beginning of the 10th century). (Soejono, R.P & Leirissa, R.Z, 2008: 22). This proves that Islamization existed before the Pasai Ocean empire was established. Therefore, from the seventh and eighth centuries until the eleventh century CE in the coastal areas of the Malacca Strait and also in southern China there have been growing Muslim communities due to Islamization

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE KINGDOM OF ACEH

The kingdom of Pasai Ocean stands around the 13th century by Nazimuddin Al Kamil, an Egyptian sea laksamana. In 1238 AD, he was assigned to seize the port of Kambayat in Gujarat which was used as a marketing place for merchandise from the east. Nazimuddin al-Kamil also established a kingdom on the island of northern Sumatra. The main purpose is to be able to master the results of the spice and pepper trade. He then raised (Meurah Silu) to become the first Pasai King with the title of Sultan Malik Al Saleh (1285 - 1297).

The existence of this kingdom is also contained in the book Rihlah ila l-Masyriq (Wandering to the East) by Abu Abdullah ibn Batuthah (1304-1368), a Moroccan traveler who came to this country in 1345. Pasai Sultanate finally collapsed after the Portuguese attack in 1521. Tomb of Nahrasyiah Tri Ibn Battutah, a famous Muslim traveler from Morocco, recorded a very memorable thing for himself while visiting a kingdom on the east coast of Sumatra around the year 1345 AD. After sailing for 25 days from Barhnakar (now entering Myanmar territory), Battuta landed in a very fertile place. Trade in the area is very advanced, marked by the use of gold coins. He was increasingly amazed because when he came to the city he found a very beautiful big city surrounded by walls and wooden towers.

However, based on Hikayat Pasai Kings, tells about Pasai's establishment by Marah Silu, after he replaced a king named Sultan Malik al-Nasser. Angry Silu was previously located in an area called Semerlanga then after the title of Sultan Malik as-Saleh title, he died in the year 696 H or 1297 AD In Hikayat Pasai Raja and Sulalatus Salatin the name Pasai and Samudera has been separated refers to Two different regions, but in Chinese records they are not distinguished at all. While Marco Polo in his trip recorded some list of kingdoms on the east coast of Sumatra Island at that time, from south to north there are names Ferlec (Perlak), Basma and Samara (Ocean).

In the reign of Sultan Malik Al Saleh still not seen signs of significant glory, but in his government at least the kingdom of Samudra pasai is a large kingdom of Aceh itself. Lies the kingdom of Samudra Pasai approximately 15 km east of Lhoukseumawe, Nangroe Aceh. Flanked by a large river that is the river Peusungan and river Jambo Aye, he explained the Kingdom of Samudra Pasai is a river basin that originated deep into the interior of the highland Gayo Kab. Aceh Tengah. Its location is very strategic to make Pasai Pasai a great kingdom and growing rapidly at that time.

The reign of Sultan Malik as-Saleh was then followed by his son Sultan Muhammad Malik az-Zahir from his marriage with the Algae Sari daughter of Perlak King. During the reign of Sultan Muhammad Malik az-Zahir, gold coin as currency has been introduced in Pasai, along with the development of Pasai became one of the trade area as well as the development of da'wah of Islam. Then around 1326 he died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Mahmud Malik az-Zahir and reigned until 1345. During his reign, he was visited by Ibn Batuthah, then told that the sultan in the land of Samatrah (Samudera) greeted him with great hospitality, and his people Adopt the Shafi'i School.

In the story of his journey to Pasai, Ibn Battuta describes Sultan Malikul Zhahir as a very pious, benevolent, humble king, and caring for the poor. Though he has conquered many kingdoms, Malikul Dhahir has never been congenial. Humility was shown the king when welcoming the entourage of Ibn Battuta. Her guests were invited to sit on a stretch of cloth, while she sat on the ground without any ground.

Furthermore, during the reign of Sultan Ahmad Malik az-Zahir son of Sultan Mahmud Malik az-Zahir, came the attack from Majapahit between 1345 and 1350, and caused the Sultan Pasai was forced to flee from the capital of the kingdom.

At the beginning of the sixteenth century it may be that the peak of the Pasai Ocean Kingdom as proclaimed by Tome Pires (1512-1515) is undergoing various advances in government politics, in the religious field, especially in agriculture and commerce. (Soejono, R.P & Leirissa, RZ, 2008: 23), while Pasai is always a friendly relationship with other kingdoms, such as Malacca which at that time Malacca became the center of world trade, followed by marriage between Malacca kings and Pasai princess Gade Ismail, M.1997: 28).

Tome Pires tells about the relationship between Pasai and Malacca, especially during the reign of Saquem Darxa which can be likened to the name of Iskandar Syah's second king of Malacca. (Soejono, R.P & Leirissa, R.Z, 2008: 23).

PROGRESS OF THE PROGRESS OF THE KINGDOM OF KINGDOM OF KINGDOM IN HIS REVENUE AROUND THE BEGINNING OF THE 16TH CENTURY

1. Trade

Which is an international trade, Pasai has Bandar-Bandar which can be a stopover for foreign merchants and they also pay tax money for Pasai.

2. Sailing

As a maritime kingdom, Pasai certainly has advantages in the field of shipping and fishing. So from the Pasai community, the majority are fishermen.

3. Economy

It is one of Pasai's progress in achieving its glory, and Pasai's economy has been helped by trade and shipping, as well as trade taxes imposed on merchants.

4. International and political relations

Is a linkage, that is happened also marriage politics, which is done by sultan.

5. Relations and Competition

The Pasai Sultanate re-emerged under the leadership of Sultan Zainal-Abidin Malik az-Zahir in 1383, and reigned until 1405. In the Chinese chronicle he was also known by the name of Tsai-nu-li-a-pi-ting-ki, and was mentioned he was killed by King of Nakur. Furthermore, the Sultanate of Pasai continued by his wife Sultanah Nahrasiyah.

Cheng Ho's fleet which led around 208 vessels visited the Pasai successively in 1405, 1408 and 1412. According to Cheng Ho's travel reports recorded by his assistants such as Ma Huan and Fei Xin. Geographically the Pasai Sultanate has been described as having borders with high mountains to the south and east, and if it continues to the east bordering the Aru Kingdom, to the north by sea, to the west by two kingdoms, Nakur and Lide. Meanwhile, if continue to the west encounter with the kingdom of Lambri (Lamuri) mentioned at that time is 3 days and 3 nights from Pasai. During the visit Cheng Ho also presented a gift from the Chinese Emperor, Donya's Chakra Bell.

Around 1434 Sultan Pasai sent his brother known as Ha-li-zhi-han but died in Beijing. Emperor Xuande of the Ming Dynasty sent Wang Jinhong to Pasai to deliver the news.

6. Government

The central government of Pasai Sultanate lies between Krueng Jambo Aye (Sungai Jambu Air) and Krueng Pase (Pasai River), North Aceh. According to ibn Batuthah who spent about two weeks in Pasai, the kingdom does not have a stone fortress, but has lined its city with wood, a few kilometers from the harbor. In the core area of

this kingdom there are mosques, and markets and traversed by a fresh river that empties into the sea. Ma Huan added, although the estuary is large but the waves are tempestuous and easily lead to the ship overturned. Thus the naming of Lhokseumawe which may mean the bay of which its waters swirl may be related to this.

In the government structure there is the term minister, syahbandar and kadi. While the sultans of both men and women were named by Tun, as were some of the royalty. The Pasai Sultanate has several subordinate kingdoms, and its rulers also have sultans.

During the reign of Sultan Muhammad Malik az-Zahir, the Perlak Kingdom had become part of Pasai's sovereignty, and he also placed one of his sons, Sultan Mansur in the Ocean. But in the time of Sultan Ahmad Malik az-Zahir, the Samudera region has become a unity with the name of Pasai Ocean that remains centered in Pasai. In the reign of Sultan Zain al-Abidin Malik az-Zahir, Lide (Kingdom of Pedir) is mentioned to be the subordinate kingdom of Pasai. Meanwhile Pasai also mentioned having a bad relationship with Nakur, the peak of this kingdom attacked Pasai and resulted in the Pasai Sultan killed.

7. Economy

Recorded, during the 13th century to early 16th century, Samudera Pasai was known as one of the cities in the Malacca Strait with a very busy port city. Along with Pidie, Pasai became the center of international trade with pepper as one of the main export commodities.

At that time Pasai is estimated to export pepper about 8,000- 10,000 bahara per year, in addition to other commodities such as silk, camphor, and gold imported from the interior. It is not just an advanced import-export trade. As an advanced trade fair, Samudera Pasai issued currency as a means of payment. One of them is made of gold known as dirham money.

Trade relations with the traders of Java Island are also intertwined. Rice production from Java is exchanged for pepper. Javanese traders get a special position in the port of Pasai Ocean. They are exempted from excise taxes.

Pasai is a commercial city, relying on pepper as its flagship commodity, in Ma Huan note mentioned 100 kati pepper sold with silver price 1 tahil. In Pasai Sultanate trade issued gold coins as a means of transaction to the people, this currency is called Deureuham (dirham) made 70% pure gold weighing 0.60 gram, 10 mm diameter, 17 karat quality.

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