Object and definition of Philosophy. Philosophy as metaphysics. /part 4/

What are we, by our very nature, by ourselves? Are we free or thrown into necessity, are we spirit or matter? This is a question of the higher psychology that is part of the metaphysics. What is the absolute truth? Can we reach it with absolute credibility? - A Question of Higher Logic and Metaphysics. What is beauty? What kind of hidden principle is it? - A Question of Higher Aesthetics and Metaphysics. What is good in itself? What is our ultimate goal? Is this the delight or the freely implemented ideal? - A Question of Higher Morality and Metaphysics. What is ultimately God? Just the Ideal of Thought or Higher Reality? What is the first principle of the universe: necessity or freedom? Is it immanent or transcendent to the world ? - Questions of higher theodice and metaphysics. In a word, metaphysics is an effort of the human spirit to descend the depths of things and rise to their tops.

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The lower class of sciences examines the relationship of phenomena between them; the higher one, philosophy, seeks to determine the attitude of phenomena to the Absolute, the idea of ​​which lies within ourselves. The principle of the world, the soul, the matter, form the Absolute that seeks on different paths. Other philosophers, defines metaphysics as a science that deals with the last causes, the last reasons behind the facts beyond the facts empirical science, physics. Metaphysics has as its object the very being, the essence of things, grasped by all the peculiarities of the separate manifestation of this essence in the various things. Thus its object is the first principles of being in general. To questions that are the subject of metaphysical research, Eva. We can handle these to the essence of time, of space, of laws; what is the passion, what is movement; what is the substance of the substance; mechanical causality and expedience in the world; soul and body and their attitude; origin and essence of the universe. Along with this can be mentioned the opinions of several authors, who have given themselves courses in metaphysics or introductions to metaphysics. According to H. Lotse, metaphysics is a study of the basis, meaning and boundaries of scientific principles.

H. Hagemann defines it as a science of the essence, purpose and purpose of the whole real being. Paul Doissen, author of a repeatedly published guide on metaphysics, states in the preface to the first edition: The nature of things as it extends to the examining sight, immeasurable around us and unattainable in ourselves, is one and self-conscious. Therefore, truth as a reflection of being in human reason can also be for all but one and all that the great teachers of mankind have created from direct contemplation of nature and which have expressed in the field of religion and philosophy can not be different / not to look at the delusions that usually affect only the partial and practical / but internally agreed, however different the outer color is conditioned by culture and tradition each time. Two views, no more, we can perceive for the study of nature: empirical and transcendental. Empirical studies of phenomena and results in physics. From a transcendental point of view, we ask about the essence of what it is, regardless of our cognitive abilities; the result of this study is metaphysics. In his characterized by his wit and clarity, Introduction to Metaphysics, G. Haimans defines it as a science that seeks to give the fullest and less relativistic knowledge of the world. It explores the same reality as other sciences, only that they study it in part, and metaphysics teaches it as a whole, and as a unity. Henry Bergson defines metaphysics as a science of the Absolute. It is a science that pretends to achieve the fullest immediate knowledge of things. As far as it summarizes the achievements of the overall scientific experience, it itself is an integral experience.

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part 3