The Ionian School / incl. atomists / links philosophy with cosmogonic and cosmological hypotheses about the origins and development of the world from basic principles and elements. In the Pythagoreans, through it, the nature, form and relationships of things are clarified by means of numerical values ​​in their combinations. For the elites, it is a doctrine of the unified eternal and invariable being, which does not contain the false knowledge of the variable things. Socrates called Philosophy exploring / testing "ksetazein" / on himself / herself and others. According to Plato, it is a doctrine of the eternally existing and unchangeable / philosophers are those who can "always make the same thing under the same conditions.

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In other words, philosophy is the science of ideas as the true existence of an invincible being. In practical terms, it is, according to Plato, the art of overcoming passions and the ability to prepare to meet the inevitable in life-to death. Philosophy of Aristotle (more precisely metaphysics) is a science that examines not a certain area of ​​the existing, but the original and the root causes of everything existing. The Stoics defined it as a theoretical knowledge of the divine and human things and the pursuit of virtuous life. For Epicurus, philosophy aims at achieving enjoyment and happiness based on rational concepts and reflections / logis to dialogismois /. In the Middle Ages, philosophy is seen on the basis of Christian faith as the knowledge of the reason for God, the world, and man in their mutual understanding. Later definitions of philosophy approximate to one degree or another to some of the ancient constructs when changing primarily their external form. Christian Wolff, who systematized the philosophy of Gottfried Leibniz, defines it as a science of possible, as far as possible (philosophia est scientia possibilium, quatenus esse possunt); and philosophical knowledge, such as cognitio rationis earum, gnae, are a fiint, where intelligence is a fiint. According to Immanuel Kant, philosophy is a science of the attitude of any knowledge to the main purposes of human reason / theleologia rationis humanae /.

Herbart defines philosophy as a treatment of concepts, consisting in their clarification / logic / straightening / metaphysics / and complementing them by defining their merits / ethics and aesthetics /. According to George V. Hegel, philosophy is a science of the Absolute in its dialectical development or science of the perceiving self. According to Friedrich Schelling, philosophy is a science of Absolute, which is unity of ideal and real. Johann G. Fichte defines philosophy as the science of knowledge at all. Jacobi puts the task of philosophy down the knowledge to the religious experience and justifies it through faith. systematic alignment of the results of positive science.

Anthropology of philosophy.

a / Only the man among the living beings has a philosophy, as religion and culture at all, because he has a thinking spirit, and the animals - only a vital soul;

b) "regardless of whether they know this or not, all people have a certain philosophy" (C. Popper), however primitive and far from science. "As far as man exists, the philosophy" / M. Heidegger /.

c/ spirituality of man - a precondition for philosophy - consists in activity, freedom, consciousness and expedience as the direction of human actions, thanks to which he submits, acquires and uses the external nature and his own intellectual potential;

d) philosophy is always personally refracted, individually, subjective, and typically "intrigued." "What philosophy would you choose depends on what kind of person you are?" (Y. Fichte). Philosophy, on the one hand, as original as science, so - on the other hand - expresses things common to other types of knowledge. Only in this way is possible conceptual understanding and communication between the people in the field of philosophy, public and ex-sciences.

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part 1