GINGER FARMING, DURATION OF RETURN, SET UP, LIMITING FACTORS.

GINGER FARMING, DURATION OF RETURN, SET UP, LIMITING FACTORS.
General overview:
Chapter 1.0
Ginger that is botanically known as Zingber Officinale Res.belongs to the family of Zingberaceae. The health promoting perspective of ginger is attributed to its prominent phytochemistry. It is originated in South Eastern Asian and then utilized in many nations as a spice and condiments to put flavor to food. The rhizome of ginger has also been utilized in a primitive herbal medicine apart from using it to add extra flavor to food. Ginger is grouped into two wide range categories by Jonad ET Al, and the two groups being grouped are the volatile and non volatile, whereas the volatile contains a sesquiterpene and monoterpenoid hydrocarbons providing the district sweet aroma and taste of ginger, the other group called non-volatile on the other hand includes gingerols, shogoals, paradols and zingerone.
Ginger has a staring potential for curing a number of sickness which includes the degenerative disorder, or what is medically know as arthritis and rheumatism, digestive health or indigestion, constipation and ulcer medically, cardiovascular disorders also known as atherosclerosis and hypertension medically, vomiting, diabetics mellitus and cancer. It also has an anti-inflammatory and non-oxidants features for controlling the process of aging. Continuing, it has an antimicrobial potential as well which can assist in curing infections or ailments. The bioactive molecules of ginger like the gingerols has an antioxidant activity in various module.
Ginger farming is a very vital commercial crop planted for its aromatic rhizomes which is utilized both as a spice and as a medicine. It is sold in several forms such as raw ginger, dry ginger, bleached dry ginger, ginger powder, ginger oil, ginger oleoresin, gingerale, ginger sweet, ginger hard drink, brined more than two years crops belonging to Zingiberaceae, and in the southern East of Asia. The base of the leaf that shearp, the stem is erected and be within the 30-90cm in height. The leaves are usually dark green in color, with these following features 15-20cm long, it is narrow and with an important midrib. The flowers are usually small, yellowish, speckled, each with a purple speckled lip and borne on a spike. The green leaves turns into yellow when the plants are about 9 months. India has accounted for 40% of the world’s and ginger production.

1.1 Goal
To be a one stop ginger farming in Nigeria and the whole world and to run a profitable farming business.

1.2 Vision
To be among the top Ginger farming in Nigeria and in the whole world by 2019.
1.4. Mission
The mission of any Ginger farming is to exceed the customer’s expectations in every sense by providing quality products in a sustainable way.

Chapter Two:
2.0: climate for ginger farming: Ginger normally grows in a warm and humid climate, it doesn’t require an over heat area, that is why it is mainly planted in the area from sea level to an attitude of above 1500 MSL and it can be cultivated both under a raining at the planting time till the rhizomes sprout or Springs out. Not too heavy and well distributed showers during the growing time and warm weather for about four weeks before harvesting. It can be grown indoors in temperate areas. It is a slow growing plant and easily overgrown by others.
2.1: Soil Requirement for Ginger farming:
Ginger can be planted on a wide range of soil namely loamy soil, alkaline soil etc. but however it prefers a deep, well drained, friable loamy soil which is very rich in organic matter. The best farming method for planting ginger is crop rotation where as crop rotation simple implies planning of different crops on a particular land year after year. The recommended soil PH for best growth of ginger is between 5.5 and 6.5. The key success mantra in ginger farming is a well drained soil.
2.2 Top producers of Ginger in the world.
The top producers of Ginger crop in the whole world are as following beginning from the top most to the least amongst the top producers:
India, China, Nepal, Nigeria, Thailand and Indonesia.
2.3. The import Nations of Ginger:
The portion of the importing nations of Ginger are United Kingdom, Netherlands, Germany- China, Indian, Nigeria, Jamaica and Sierra Leone are those nations in a fare exchange.

            CHAPTER THREE. 

3.1 Varieties of Ginger:
There are various improved varieties of ginger that is been grown in South Eastern Asian region. But more importantly, its type planted depends on these major factors, climate, soil and local conditions. The vital types are as follows:
A. High yielding varieties: This includes maram, kakakkal, Rio de Janeiro and mahim.
B. Less fiber content varieties : This includes Jamaica, Bunykois and China Thingpuri.
C. High oleoresin: The high oleoresin varieties includes Emad Chemed, China karuppamadi and Rio de Janeiro.
D. High dry ginger recovery: Ginger that’s under this variety includes karakkai, Nadia, Maran, and Tura.
E. High volatile oil varieties: This includes sleeva local, Narasapattain and Emad chemad.

3.2. Basic steps in selection of planting material

  When selecting a planting material necessary for farming of ginger, a healthy Rhizomes preferably root cutting ones should be considered, also ensuring that each piece of the ginger rhizome is 2.5cm to 5CM long and with 20 grams to 25 grams in weight. 

3.3 Propagation in Ginger farming:
Ginger is usually transplanted by using some parts of older rhizome with root cutting known as sets. Each healthy set that is going to be used for sowing should be around 2.5 to 5cm long, with its weight as 20 to 25 grams and having 2 to 3 buds each. Dithane m-45 should be used in treating of the rhizomes seed. The Dithane m-45 should be mixed with 3 gram per liter of water for about 30-45 minutes after it must be drained and then used for planting.

4.0                  CHAPTER FOUR. 
       
       4.1. Health importance of Ginger. 
       Ginger has so many health benefits in the society, and some of its numerous benefits amongst the others are:

1. Ginger promotes healthy heart.
2. It prevents many types of cancers.
3. Ginger is vital for diabetic patients.
4. Ginger helps to avoid ulcers.
5. It aids in settling of stomach upset.
6. It assists in reduction of menstrual pain in women.
7. It aids in treatment of migraine and also in prevention of cold, cough and flu.
8. It decreases pain and inflammation.
9. Ginger assists in regulation of cholesterol levels.
10. Arthritis pain is always reduced to its minimal through the assistance of Ginger.
11. It helps in reduction of early morning sickness.
12. Ginger assists in digestion of food, and at the same time immune system is boost.

4.2. Ginger farming in areas of land preparation, its plating and spacing.
The land that should be used in Ginger farming should be ploughed 3 to 4 times thoroughly with evidence of early showers to give the soil to its fine tilt. To make soil loose and friable, three to four crosswise harrowing should be given. An inter space of 50cm in between beds should be possible by preparing of about one meter width, 15cm height with a convenient length. Solarization of beds for 40 to 45 days using a transparent polythene sheet is recommendable in the area that can be easily attracted by rhizome rot diseases and nematode infections. Ridges are formed 10cm apart in the case of irrigated crop. Before the last harrowing been carried out, 15 to 20 tones of well decomposed farmland manure should be applied.

          5.0      CHAPTER FIVE. 
      5.1    Ginger pests, its symptoms and Remedy. 
      There are five pests found in ginger, they are 

1. Shoot Bores: Short Bores have symptoms as holes in the pseudo stem, grass is normally thrown out of the holes and central shoot becomes yellow and it withers. Control: spraying of 0.1% malathion at monthly interval starting from July onwards.
2. Rhizomes files: Its symptoms is rhizomes feed on maggots bore on them. Control: spraying of 0.05% methyl parathion for 2 to 3 times starting from July.
3. Leaf Roller: The symptom here is the leaf is feed on by caterpillar by folding it. Control: Dimethoate of 0.05% will control it when it is spray.
4. Scales: Its symptoms here is the rhizomes shrike and dries up when sap is sucked. Control: It is advised that 0.05% dimethoate is dipped in water.
5. Chinese rose beetle: The symptom here is that beetle feed on rhizomes at light, shot-hole is appeared in leaves. Control: Bright and shinning light is used to control it since beetle is attracted by dim light.

5.2. Ginger Farming Pests and its control.
There are four types of ginger farming pests, and the types and its control are

1. Soft -Rot: This is considered to be the most destructive disease that cause a total loss of affected clumps. It is controlled with treating rhizomes with 0.03% Dithane m-45 for 30 to 40 minutes before storing and before planting.
2. Leaf spot: Its symptoms are elongated spots with it’s center while and leaves have dark brown margin develop on them. It can be controlled by using 1% Bordeaux mixture.
3. Root knot Nematode: Its major symptoms include water soaked lesions on roots. Control: Nematode can be controlled by solarizing soil.
4. Bacteria Wilt: Its symptoms is that pseudo stem has dark leaves. Control: Streptocycline @200 ppm is used to control it when it is sprayed.

5.2 Irrigation in Ginger farming
Irrigation exercise should be carried out immediately after planting is carried out, and between 8 to 10 days intervals, the subsequent irrigations should be done.
5.3 planting of Ginger
May to June is the best time for planting of ginger and seed rate of 1500 to 1600kg of older plant root is required for one hectare plantation.

5.4 Harvesting in ginger farming.
Green ginger should be harvest in 215 to 220 days after planting the rhizomes, and 250-300 days after planting the rhizome in case of curing ginger. It is done when the leaves turn yellow and pseudo stems begins to dry.

5.5 Important activities in ginger farming.

1. Mulching: Its carried out to check the weed growth and prevents the soil erosion.
2. Shading: For the purpose of shading, seeds of cluster bean, pigeon is sown in the irrigation channels on the corner of raised beds.
3. Wedding: Its done to have a better yield, usually done in the first two months to keep the plant base clean.
4. Earthling up: Its done in order to benefit the fibrous roots thereby support new growth.