10 things you think you know about evolution
On February 12, 1809, Charles Darwin was born, the father of evolutionary theory through natural selection. The whole world is celebrating this event with Darwin's Day. Below i will show you what the theory of evolution is, and what are the ( incorrect) beliefs about it.
- Live species changes over time when natural selection acts on populations, consisting of different individuals. The consequences of this and other theories need to be understood by society. That is why we have faced the evolution of the opposite, starting with what is not (but that everyone thinks it is). *
** 1. Evolution is just one theory **
Yes and no. Evolution is a fact, but it is also a scientific theory: however, the meaning of the term is different from what we generally mean. A theory, in the ordinary sense, is a speculation without many bases. From the point of view of science, a theory is a complete and confirmed explanation of some aspects of the natural world, achieved by the application of the scientific method.
A theory also allows us to explain unknown aspects of nature, and even anticipate the future. The theory of evolution, in addition to natural selection, also includes other aspects, such as sexual selection and genetic background, which complete it.
** 2. It is the law of the fittest! **
No. We often hear that evolution justifies aggression and oppression, as it is "the law of the fittest". The concept is absolutely foreign to science: the most "appropriate" in a population, not physically stronger or more aggressive individuals, but the individuals that reproduce better and better. For example, rodents like rabbits can not be said to be aggressive or stronger than a raptor. However, they are among the most widespread mammalian species on Earth.
** 3. It is a phenomenon of the past **
No. Biologists have been able to study and describe many examples of evolutionary change at the time that it occurs. For example, Grant spouses, British evolution biologists, have studied a small population of a small bird living on a Galapagos island, and they realized that over the decades, this population had changed.
italicAnother well-known example is the development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, which occurs continuously and around the world. Even man, despite the claims of some biologists, has never stopped evolving. Therefore, evolution is not limited to the beings of the past such as dinosaurs.
** 4. It's a process that has a goal **
No. Many people see evolution as a long road that starts in the distant past, and has a precise objective: the birth of our species, or other more evolved species. But the process itself, as explained by Charles Darwin, is based solely on the success of behaviors or other adaptations that allow survival in a particular environment and only in special historical moments. Therefore there are no more evolved species than others, or particularly "preferred" ones from natural selection.
** 5. There are intermediate species **
No. The concept of an intermediate species or chain link is wrong, as these species would be halfway between an imperfect journey and a present in which evolution has reached perfection.
Moreover, the idea of connecting loops, such as Homo Naledi, would suggest the presence of a long chain or a degree of lifestyle, ranging from the less perfect ones to the most perfect ones. We already know that species form a complex and complex "shrub" without a precise line ranging from the past to the present.
** 6. There are "living fossils" **
No. This is just a metaphor: Although many forms of life, both animals and plants, are similar to those of the past, this does not mean that they have not changed for millions of years, as their evolution never started.
A well-known example is the florida, a fish whose most similar form dates back to 400 million years ago, but the similarity to the past is only superficial, and these species were very different from those of today.
** 7. It only supports coincidence **
No. The whole process of evolution through natural selection involves at least 2 basic phases: The first is generating variability through mutations, or other changes in the genome (an individual's DNA). The second is the true natural choice, which eliminates individuals who fail to reproduce in that particular environment.
Mutations, together with recombination and emigration to other countries, may be considered randomly generated. But natural selection is a perfect deterministic process, far from random choice.
** 8. It is always progress **
No. It is believed that the species of the past were less evolutionary than those of today, less perfect and environmentally-friendly. In fact, since evolution chooses only individuals who survive at a certain time and place, in the past have lived species that were neither better nor worse than today, but only different.
** 9. It is a theory of the origins of the universe and of life **
No. Evolution describes and explains, only what has happened happens and will occur to living species. The physical and procedural processes that have led to the first forms of life, as well as the Big Bang, and many other physical phenomena, have nothing to do with evolution through natural selection. Evolution "came into effect" only when there were cells, even very simple ones, that were reproduced.
** 10. It is a guide to behavior **
No. Evolution does not dictate guidelines for human behavior. The latter are based on other foundations: sociality, symbols, morals, cultures ... that change over time, and from people to the people. It has nothing to do with slavery or racism, which is human behavior, nor with pseudo-science such as physiognomy, which at the end of the 1800s claimed to have a direct connection between man's behavior and his physical traits.
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