SECOND PART. CLICK HERE TO READ THE FIRST PART https://steemit.com/europe/@helamia/the-origin-of-europe-part-1

Europeans have been very quick in promoting their "civilization" and have done so in mocking each other's civilization. The Greeks talked about other peoples as barbarians, through which they meant that anyone who did not speak Greek resulted with a kind of Baha'ah beast. The Greeks used the alarm "Barbarians came to the door" to imply that civilization was in danger. Precisely who the barbarians have changed over time: the Gales, the Goths, the Huns, the Turks, the Mongols and, of course, the Jews are all seen as foreign threats to European civilization, but likewise were liberals, nationalists, socialists, communists , anarchists and European fascists. The Pope of the nineteenth century, Pius IX, thought that the greatest threat to European civilization came from the railways and immediately banned them in papal states (obviously prompted this law). In later times, people have said similar things to migrants, immigrants and asylum seekers. But what exactly is civilization that all these people and ideas are supposed to threaten? Strictly speaking, civilization simply means people living in villages and cities, but if you think about it, then this notion itself has great implications for how people organize themselves. Living in an enclosed neighborhood inevitably means taking and giving, with rules, norms and associations of residents.
In the eighteenth century, being civilized meant controlling your animal instincts in everyday society (so be polite) and in society as a whole (as it were, obey the law). Nothing scared the ladies and gentlemen of the wicker of the eighteenth-century good society more than the thought of the crowd, the sub-class of the rooted and the unemployed that you could see in the streets of every city - not merely because it could they were violent, but because they were a constant reminder that European civilization was not as deeply embedded as they liked to think.

Why does Europe have so many languages?

Source@JakubMarian.

If you are foreign languages, then Europe is the place for you - it may sometimes be difficult to find two border countries that currently speak the same language. The main reason for all these languages ​​lies in how people have moved through history, often in large tribal migrations. Most of the languages ​​of Europe come from an Indo-European beginner, which began in northern India and traveled westward with all those nomadic tribes that Central Asia is so good to produce; for example, Celtic languages ​​have Indo-European. The Romans made their small part of the language harmony through the invasion of as many parts of Europe and the making of every man to speak Latin. The scope of the Roman Empire is why Italian, Spanish and French are so closely linked; the Celtic language survives only in areas that the Romans found the most difficult to control. Many Latin influences exist in English, but the German ruled when the Anglicans and Saxons conquered Britain, and then the French when the Normans came. You can find the conquests of Europe through its languages.

Is there a European culture?

If you love Mozart and go crazy after the Impressionists (and many people have them, I find it), then you can clearly find culture in Europe. To some extent, these "high" artists nourish each other, so they collectively created a kind of unity for the majority of European culture. The Renaissance painters consciously sought inspiration from the ancient world and they, in turn, influenced the painters who came after them. The printing house and network of patrons and universities in Europe provided ideas and techniques to spread at great distances. However, the recognition of art is a very limited way of looking at European culture. You can find as much wealth in the fairy tales and ballads that European peasants have enjoyed each other over the centuries. Fortunately, in the nineteenth century there was a lot of fashion to gather examples of folk culture (that was all part of the great romantic movement, for which the 17th chapter can tell you more), so many of them have survived. The German brothers Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm collected a large collection of German folk tales that were grossly categorized in English as Grimms 'Fairy Tales for Children - more than the Grimms' Fairy Tales for Psychopaths, if you ever read them .

Mysteries of outstanding language

We have not cleverly resolved the origins of all the languages ​​of Europe. Scandinavian languages ​​are all pretty similar until you encounter the finalndec, which is different from any other European language, except for estonezçen. Why this North European corner should have a different language from any other language we simply do not know. Even more surprising is that the Finnish is related to Hungarian. This may suggest that the same ancient common people exist for the three countries in many different parts of Europe, but not for anyone else, though who might have been it we just do not know.

What Europe extends beyond Europe?

"What should they know about England," wrote Rudyard Kipling, "which England only knows?" You can not really pretend to know everything about Europe and its history if you limit your viewing to Europe itself - even if you have determined exactly where Europe begins and ends.

From the Holy Land

Although geographically part of Western Asia, the Middle East and in particular the coastal territories of Israel, Syria, Lebanon and Egypt today is always built according to the pattern of Europe's development. European civilization can find its origins in the development of cities in Mesopotamia (Iraq) and Jordan, and Egypt's rugged lands supplied bread to the Roman Empire. Christianity linked Europe even more closely to what the Europeans called the "holy land." Every year, thousands of Europeans went to pilgrimage on foot on the way to Jerusalem. When the region fell into the hands of the Turks, this was a serious blow from all over Christianity volunteered for the Crusade. The Crusaders even raised European kingdoms in the Holy Land and although they eventually fell into the hands of the Turks, Europeans never forgot them. (If you do not want to forget these kingdoms, take a look at Chapter 7).

Stylish movies - and subtitles

One aspect of modern culture in which Europeans have carved a very distinct place is the cinema. Cinema started in Europe and Europeans have never been completely excited to have left the entire Hollywood media. The French and Italians have developed a reputation for elegant study of human relations, while Ingmar Bergman is known for his darker portraits of troubled souls. Hitler and Stalin paid special attention to the importance of cinema: German director Leni Riefenstahl and Russian Sergei Eisenstein committed themselves to making large-scale propaganda films, which are still today admired by the hardened filmmakers. Eisenstein used more people to rebuild the Bolshevik revolution of his 1927, October, than actually took part in it! If you want an inner perception of the development of Europe in the twentieth century, watching the movie that it produced is a great way to do it. In 1798 Napoleon led a French army to Egypt in 1917 British General Allenby entered Jerusalem and were Jewish from Europe what they created the state of Israel in 1948. People are sometimes surprised at why Israel competes at the European Song Festival but this is a sign that, at least in this part of the world, "Europe" extends far beyond its geographical boundaries.

Back to Africa

The human race began in Africa and in the 19th century the Europeans turned back to their roots in a magnificent way - though this was certainly not the way they saw it. In the space of 20 years, Europeans almost erase the great tribal African continent from the map and replaced it with a colonial continent with borders, capitals, railways and roads; in short, turned Africa into a supplement to Europe. In some of the most tragic cases, the borders removed from these African countries by European administrators - with conservative rulers - caused terrible upheaval. The Nigerian Biafra and the Congolese province of Katanga were both scenes of bloody civil war in the 1960s, driven by the artificial borders removed by Europeans. The bleeding that exploded in Rwanda in the Nineties was originally caused by the European mix with the balance of local power. Europe's presence in Africa has not been a happy story (see Chapter 24 to learn how unhappy it has been) but has left its legacy and modern Africa is a major part of Europe's history modern.

Towards a New World

When Europeans talked about a New World across the Atlantic, they really meant it. America was not just another land mass that Europeans had violated. What a land empty - remove the thousands of thousands of indigenous people - where they could start everything from the beginning. This dream of a new life is why the colonists named many countries by country they had come from and often put the word "New" ahead of them: New Orleans, New Amsterdam (then New York, though named after the Duke of York than after the city), New Hampshire, New Jersey, Nova Scotia (namely New Scotland) and, of course, New England. All of these country names meant "new and improved locations". In South and Central America, the Spaniards and the Portuguese did a very good job in recreating the society and the structures of their homeland of origin. The first permanent stone building that the Spanish settlers erected in the New World was a church. New Spain looked like an ugly imitation of the old, noble ones possessing large feudas as they had in their home country. Even the climate of the terrain was felt by the family, though when the indigents avoided the enslaving efforts to work in the gold and silver mines, the Spaniards and Portugees began the process of importing large quantities of Africans as slave laborers in their place, so America's demography forever.

Transported Europeans

America's most famous symbol, the Statue of Liberty, is such an icon of America that it is easy to forget that it is currently French, a gift from the French Republic to the American in 1886. The thousands of immigrants arriving in America from every European country looked hoping from the statue as they arrived in New York in search of a difficult life. This scene has been captured many times in films including Charlie Chaplin's The Immigrant and Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather Part II. The American West that was full of European immigrants and would have heard many British and German accents out of the reach (you would have to hear the yelling call "Tally ho!", While anyone else is turning "Yee's sake!"). But the Europeans headed not only to America. They took the ships to South America, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Missionaries headed for China and India. By the twentieth century, Europeans had created Europe's Avampocans all over the world, not just colonies dominated by European flags, but places where Europeans were trying to recreate the feeling and appearance of the lands left behind. European history, of course, is not world history, but Europeans are part of the history of the lands almost everywhere in the world.

A divided Europe or a united Europe?

When you come to the twentieth century, you understand that European history becomes urgent. This period is the one in which Europe destroyed itself in two devastating wars that were scattered around the world. Nevertheless, the twentieth century is also when the Europeans made their greatest efforts to keep together and join it as they had never since Roman times. Then, Europe is naturally united or divided?

Long division

Historians, quite rightly, may say that World War I had many causes and I deal with them properly in Chapter 20. But for the time being, the important cause to be found is nationalism. Nationalism has always been more than just patriotism. Nationalism emerged from the French revolution, which had conceived the idea of ​​the nation as a kind of mystical union of people living in freedom and equality rather than being subjected to a king's subject. Nationalism climbed and, by the end of the nineteenth century, proud nationalists were fighting for the rights of their nations everywhere in Europe, especially where their country was ruled by another. Then there is nothing to be surprised that World War I began as a nationalist conflict between Serbs and Austrians and spread like a nationalist conflict between all of Europe's great powers - France wanted to take the territories the Germans had received ; the Russians stood beside their Slavic brothers, Serbs; the Germans wanted their country's right to an empire. The result: division and catastrophe. If you think of the causes of World War II, you can understand that it started for almost exactly the same artifacts as the First World War: Germans were claiming territories - Austria, Sudets, the Polish Corridor - which they said were Germans and such it had to be again. But just like any other nationalist before him, Hitler did not stop there and began to snatch large bits from all the territories of his other neighbors. The result: more division and catastrophe. After World War II, Europe was divided in a very different way.
In 1945, the two superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United States practically divided Europe from the outside according to ideological lines: the capitalist West facing the communist East. (Chapter 24 gives you a detailed overview). The separation was particularly strong in Germany, which was divided (although it is not the only European country divided in the twentieth century: Ireland, France, Poland, Czechoslovakia and Cyprus have all experienced it). Iron Curtain made it difficult for Westerners to visit the East and almost impossible for European Easterners to visit the West. Throughout Europe, post-war generations grew up with the idea that a divided Europe, even a divided Germany, was a natural thing and never hoped to change.

United Europe?

Of course, Europe changed rapidly in 1989 when the Berlin Wall fell. Immediately, the conversation returned to German reunification. Then, the European Union really began to argue with its plans for a closer political union.

The idea of ​​a united Europe is not as new and unprecedented as it may seem. The Romans had united the continent or just as many of it as they could invade, under Roman law.
Napoleon had tried to unite the continent according to the principles of freedom accepted by the French revolution or at least that which he said he was doing. Even the great European national leaders have dreamed of a united Europe of nation states that all live in perfect harmony (dream, my friends) and Hitler actively promoted the idea of ​​a united Europe that stood firm against communism - no (as German leaders were often in difficulty highlighting) so much different from the post-war American idea. So, is Europe really a united continent, which is shared only by chance? History does not really support this idea. All the merger efforts that are mentioned include the use of a certain force measure. The exception is the European Union, but evidence from the beginning of the 21st century was that ordinary people in Europe were less happy about joining than their leaders. And in the end, if you have not united people, you have not united anything.

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