PRELIMINARY

BACKGROUND

Cooperative learning arises because of the development in the existing learning system. Cooperative learning replaces individual learning systems. Where teachers continue to provide information (teacher as center) and learners just listen. Cooperative learning has the support of Vygotsky the figure of constructivism theory.

Constructivism is a philosophical viewpoint about the nature of knowledge. Specifically, it represents an ontological stance. Source

Vygotsky support include:

• Emphasizing students construct knowledge through social interaction with others.
• In addition, he also argues that the emphasis of learning as a process of interactive dialogue. All these things are in cooperative learning.
• The importance of group learning in learning.

This cooperative learning enables students to cooperate and active participation of students. Teachers as facilitators and mentors who will direct each learner towards the right and proper knowledge.

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DISCUSSION

UNDERSTANDING COOPERATIVE LEARNING

Cooperative Learning Is a learning approach that focuses on the use of small groups of students to work together in maximizing learning conditions to achieve learning objectives.

BASIC CONCEPT OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING

Basically, humans have differences, with the difference that people are interdependent feeding each other. With Cooperative Learning is expected to create learning community. Students are not only glued to learn to the teacher, but with fellow students as well.

Cooperative learning is a learning that consciously and deliberately develops foster interaction to avoid offense and misunderstandings that can cause hostility, as a live exercise in society.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING

In cooperative learning there are related elements. According to Anita Lie
(2004):

• Positive interdependence
  In cooperative learning, teachers create an atmosphere that encourages students to feel the need each other or commonly called positive interdependence that can be achieved through: interdependence to achieve goals, interdependence completion of tasks, interdependence of materials or sources, interdependence role, interdependence prize.

• The face-to-face interaction
  This can force students to meet face-to-face so they will have a dialogue. Dialogue is not only done with teachers but with peers as well because students will usually be more flexible, easier to learn with peers.

• Individual accountability
  Cooperative learning displays its form in group learning. Assessment is shown to know the students' mastery of the subject matter individually. The results of this assessment are further submitted by the teacher to the group so that all groups know who the group needs help and who can provide assistance, meaning that can teach to his friends. The value of the group should be based on the average, so group members should contribute to the group. The point is individual accountability is a group assessment based on the average mastery of all members individually.

• Interpersonal relationship skills
  Social skills in relationships between students should be taught. Students who can not have interpersonal relationships will get a reprimand from teachers as well as other students.

ELEMENTS OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING MODELS

According to Roger and David Johnson there are 5 elements in the cooperative learning model:

a. Positive interdependence
This element shows that in cooperative learning there are 2 group responsibilities. First, study the materials assigned to the group. Second, ensure all group members individually study the assigned material.

Some ways to build positive interdependence are:

• Growing learners' feelings that they are integrated in groups, achieving goals occurs when all group members achieve their goals.
• Ensure that all group members get the same rewards if their group succeeds in achieving the goal.
• Organize in such a way that each learner in the group only gets some of the group's overall work.
• Each learner is tasked with tasks or roles that are mutually supportive and interrelated, complementary and mutually tied to other learners in the group.

b. Personal responsibility
Individual responsibility is the key to ensuring all members are reinforced by joint learning activities.

c. Promotive Interaction
This element is important to produce positive interdependence. The characteristics of promotive interaction are:

• Help each other effectively and efficiently
• Provide each other with the necessary information and tools
• Process information together more effectively and efficiently
• Remind each other
• Trust each other
• Motivate each other to achieve success together

d. Interpersonal skills
In this element is meant to coordinate the activities of students in the achievement of learning objectives, then the thing to do is:

• Know each other and trust
• Able to communicate accurately and not ambitious
• Receive and support each other
• Be able to resolve conflict constructively.
• Group processing

In this case processing means judging. Through group processing can be identified from the sequence or stages of group activities and activities of group members. It aims to improve the effectiveness of members in contributing to collaborative activities to achieve group goals.

COOPERATIVE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Improve academic learning outcomes
  Although cooperative learning encompasses a wide range of social goals, it also aims to improve student performance in academic tasks. Some experts argue that this model excels in helping students understand difficult concepts.

• Acceptance of diversity
  Cooperative learning provides an opportunity for students of different backgrounds and working conditions to depend on each other on shared tasks.

• Development of social skills
  Teach students the skills of collaboration and collaboration to interact with other friends.

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CONCLUSION

From the description above discussion can be concluded that cooperative learning is learning that emphasizes the aspect of cooperation among its members in which there is a positive dependence, interaction, accountability and individual skills in processing the group. The purpose of learning is also adjusted that the purpose of learning is to acquire knowledge and educate students, the purpose of cooperative learning is to improve academic learning outcomes, acceptance of diversity and development of social skills. In cooperative learning, each diverse member participates actively in accordance with each view they have.

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Cooperative Learning Video

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