BIOREMEDIATION

In this world of continuous technological change, every society, community and country have to make ready to improve in the generation of energy which is one of the most important necessities of life.

Biofuels are drawing increasing attention worldwide as substitutes for petroleum derived transportation fuels to help address energy cost, energy security and global warming concerns associated with liquid fossil fuels. A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary biological processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion. There are four types of biofuels: first, second, third and fourth generation biofuels. They are characterized by their sources of biomass, their limitations as a renewable source of energy, and their technological progress. For the purpose of this study, emphasis and concentration is centered on second generation biofuels also known as advanced biofuels which are fuels that can be manufactured from various types of biomass. The goal of second generation biofuel is to extend the amount of biofuel that can be produced sustainably by using biomass and also to the overcome the limitations of first generation biofuels. Examples of second generation biofuels includes bioethanol and biobutanol. The raw materials for the production of second generation biofuels are derived from various sources such as grasses, waste vegetable oil, municipal waste, jatropha and other seeds crops which either processed to produce fuels through either thermochemical or biochemical conversion process. It has wide range of applications ranging from provision of economic security, serving as fuels for transportation (vehicles), heat, electricity, use as additives among others. However, it has some challenges such as monoculture, pollution, expensive, high land use among others.